Doctoral Dissertation Research: Men and Care Work Jobs, Evidence from Two Cohorts

博士论文研究：男性和护理工作，来自两个群体的证据

• 批准号: 1738396
• 负责人: Wei-hsin Yu
• 金额: $ 1.2万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland, College Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-06-01 至 2018-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1738396&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Men; Care

Care work, broadly defined, work that enhances the emotional and physical well-being or development of other people; care work is usually associated with "women's work" and is typically underpaid. Men's presence in care work jobs remains low despite job growth in education and health care and the decline in traditionally male-dominated manufacturing sectors. Previous research has debated whether rigid gender attitudes or material concerns such as higher wages accounts for the low numbers of men in care work jobs. Moreover, jobs have increasingly polarized; wages, working conditions, and job security have declined in care work jobs since the 1970s. This polarizing pattern of care work job growth is characterized by racial disparity, with racial minorities more likely to occupy low-paying jobs. This project has two aims: first, to empirically examine why and how men enter different kinds of care work jobs, and second, to investigate the factors contributing to the racial disparity in the paid care work sector under the context of increasing job polarization. By shedding light on the cultural versus structural debate as well as the intersecting inequalities by race and class along with men's presence in the paid care work sector, findings from this project will help develop policy suggestions about how to encourage more men to enter care work jobs while closing the racial disparity in the paid care work sector.To address whether men?s avoidance of care work jobs is motivated primarily by cultural concerns - care work jobs are typically labeled as "women's work" - or by material concerns, the first part of this project empirically tests the specific mechanisms related to gender attitudes, human capital, and labor market positions behind men's entry into various kinds of care work jobs. The project uses nationally representative, individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979. Event history models will examine men's transition into first care work jobs. The second part of this project explains a phenomenon that has been documented by previous research - that is, the polarization pattern of paid care work jobs has been highly racialized, with whites increasingly concentrating in high-paying and racial/ethnic minorities in low-paying care work jobs. The analysis aims to elucidate the extent to which this racialized pattern is driven by racial disparity in education and labor market experiences, and/or by racial discrimination. Using data from NLSY79 and 97, the study will show how socioeconomic determinants of men's entry into high-paying and low-paying care work jobs have changed in the "new economy" by comparing two cohorts of young men (late Baby Boomers and early Millennials) who joined the workforce under different labor market conditions. Findings from the second part will illuminate increasing racial and class inequalities behind the celebrated trend towards gender occupational integration. Since paid care work sectors are projected to continue their strong growth in the U.S., insights from this project can inform how labor market inequalities by race and class may decline or intensify in the future.

护理工作，广义上的定义，即增强他人身心健康或发展的工作;护理工作通常与“妇女的工作”有关，而且通常报酬过低。尽管教育和保健领域的就业机会增加，传统上以男性为主的制造业部门的就业机会减少，但从事护理工作的男子人数仍然很少。以前的研究一直在争论，僵化的性别态度或更高的工资等物质问题是否是从事护理工作的男性人数较少的原因。此外，工作日益两极分化;自1970年代以来，护理工作的工资、工作条件和工作保障都有所下降。这种两极分化的护理工作就业增长模式的特点是种族差异，少数民族更有可能从事低薪工作。该项目有两个目标：第一，从经验上研究男子为什么以及如何从事不同种类的护理工作，第二，在工作两极化日益严重的背景下，调查造成有偿护理工作部门种族差异的因素。通过揭示文化与结构的辩论，以及交叉不平等的种族和阶级沿着男子的存在在有偿护理工作部门，从这个项目的调查结果将有助于制定政策建议，如何鼓励更多的男子进入护理工作，同时缩小种族差距在有偿护理工作部门。尽管男性回避护理工作的动机主要是文化方面的考虑-护理工作通常被贴上“妇女工作”的标签-或者是物质方面的考虑，但本项目的第一部分以经验为依据，检验了与性别态度、人力资本和男性进入各种护理工作背后的劳动力市场地位有关的具体机制。该项目使用了1979年全国青年纵向调查（NLSY）中具有全国代表性的个人数据。 事件历史模型将研究男子过渡到第一护理工作的工作。该项目的第二部分解释了之前研究记录的一种现象，即带薪护理工作的两极分化模式已高度种族化，白人越来越集中在高薪工作中，而少数种族/族裔则越来越集中在低薪工作中护理工作。分析的目的是阐明这种种族化的模式在多大程度上是由教育和劳动力市场经验的种族差异，和/或种族歧视。使用NLSY 79和97的数据，该研究将通过比较在不同劳动力市场条件下加入劳动力的两组年轻男性（婴儿潮后期和千禧一代早期），显示男性进入高薪和低薪护理工作岗位的社会经济决定因素在“新经济”中发生了变化。第二部分的调查结果将阐明在性别职业融合的著名趋势背后日益严重的种族和阶级不平等。由于有偿护理工作部门预计将继续在美国强劲增长，从这个项目的见解可以告知如何劳动力市场的种族和阶级的不平等可能会减少或加剧在未来。