TRR 141: Biological Design and Integrative Structures. Analysis, Simulation and Implementation in Architecture

该研究计划侧重于生物学中的功能原理及其在建筑和建筑施工中的转移。在进化层面上，生物结构适应不断变化的环境。在这一过程中，有效利用自然资源是一种进化优势，因此是一项指导原则。它导致了由有限数量的化学元素和基本分子成分组成的结构，这些化学元素和基本分子成分可以直接作为自然材料循环的一部分。通过自我组织，生物体形成高度分化的结构，这些结构表现出多种网络功能，有时还能满足相互矛盾的功能要求。在这些方面，生物结构与大多数建筑结构有着根本的不同。后者由各种不同材料制成的单个组件组成。它们是独立优化的几个目标函数和固定的边界条件。长期以来，建筑施工的范例是使用尽可能多的相同部件，并尽可能简单地安排它们。在过去几年中，通过引入计算制造过程，这种想法发生了根本性的变化，这不仅增加了几何差异的潜在水平，而且还允许生产多孔，具有局部调整的性能的纤维基和多层材料。此外，模拟技术的最新发展集中在分层结构材料上。计算模拟和制造的这一进展为生物结构的分析以及将其功能原理转移到建筑施工或其他技术领域的宏观尺度提供了新的选择。整个TRR计划被概念化为学科之间的对话：生物系统的形态被抽象为代表感兴趣功能的模型。该模型是技术实施的基础。这些结果将反过来指导对生物系统的进一步研究。研究计划的关键问题是：1。如何建模和模拟具有层次性、多功能性和自适应性的自然结构的形态？2.如何使用计算制造方法将自然界的功能原理转移到建筑施工的宏观尺度？3.在什么条件下，仿生转移导致一种可持续的技术，不仅“继承”自然角色模型的功能，而且还具有生态特性？第一个供资期的重点是按等级组织的物质系统和适应性生物结构。这些研究轨迹将在第二个供资期得到深化。此外，多功能材料系统和生物启发建筑组件的转移将作为该项目的新焦点。

The research programme focuses on functional principles in biology and on their transfer to architecture and building construction.On an evolutionary level, biological structures adapt to a constantly changing environment. In this process, the efficient usage of natural resources is an evolutionary advantage and therefore a guiding principle. It leads to structures made of only a limited number of chemical elements and basic molecular components that are directly available as part of a natural material loop. Through self-organization, living organisms form highly differentiated structures that exhibit multiple networked functions and that sometimes fulfil contradictory functional requirements.In these respects, biological structures differ fundamentally from most building constructions. The latter consists of individual components made of a large variety of different materials. They are independently optimized for a few target functions and for stationary boundary conditions. The paradigm of building construction was, for a long time, to use as many identical parts as possible and to arrange them as simply as possible.During the last few years, this idea has changed fundamentally through the introduction of computational fabrication processes, which not only increase the potential level of geometric differentiation, but also allow the production of porous, fibre-based and multi-layered materials with locally adjusted properties. In addition, recent developments in simulation technologies focus on hierarchical structured materials. This progress in computational simulation and fabrication offers new options for the analysis of biological structures and for the transfer of their functional principles to the macro scale of building construction or other fields of technology. The entire TRR programme is conceptualized as a dialogue between the disciplines: the morphology of the biological systems is abstracted into a model representing the functionalities of interest. This model serves as a basis for technical implementation. The results will in turn guide further investigation into the biological systems. The key questions of the research programme are: 1. How can the morphology of hierarchical, multifunctional and adaptive natural structures be modelled and simulated? 2. How can computational fabrication methods be used to transfer the functional principles of nature to the macro scale of building construction? 3. Under which conditions does the biomimetic transfer lead to a sustainable technology that "inherits" not only the functional, but also the ecological properties of natural role models?The focus of the first funding period was on hierarchically organized material systems and on adaptive biological structures. These research trajectories will be deepened in the second funding period. In addition, multifunctional material systems and the transfer into bioinspired building components will be added as a new focal point of the project.