Doctoral Dissertation Research: Everyday violence against women and the state's promotion of "universal breadwinning model"

性别平等和经济发展是相辅相成的。大量证据表明，经济发展对妇女的社会、经济和政治环境具有强大的、变革性的和深刻的积极影响。这种关系在欧洲最为明显，欧洲各国在所有与性别平等相关的指标上一贯且系统地得分很高。然而，尽管在两性平等方面取得了这些进展，最近的调查研究表明，欧洲对妇女的暴力行为发生率很高，特别是亲密伴侣对妇女的暴力行为。该项目认为，这种违反直觉的对妇女的日常暴力行为模式与具体家庭政策的实施和促进相对应，如带薪育儿假、儿童保育服务和个人税收。虽然这些政策的目的是提高妇女的经济独立性，但它们也加速了传统性别角色的瓦解，从而引发了男性对其伴侣的暴力反弹。通过认识国家的作用和确定哪些家庭政策会催化或加剧日常暴力，该项目将帮助决策者制定解决暴力侵害妇女行为的最佳做法，并提高欧洲和其他地区的妇女地位。该项目探讨了政治学中以前被忽视的主题--日常暴力侵害妇女行为问题。虽然对冲突和福利国家的分析越来越多地纳入了性别问题，并涉及战时性暴力和职业性别隔离等问题，但对国内和平时期暴力侵害妇女行为的研究相对较少。该项目调查这一被忽视的现象，并质疑为什么如此多的高度发达和平等主义国家，特别是欧洲国家，暴力侵害妇女行为的发生率仍然如此之高。报告认为，暴力侵害妇女的日常形式从根本上说是政治性的，最好的解释是，一个国家在执行和推广“普遍养家模式”方面存在差异，这种模式破坏了传统的性别规范，降低了男子在家庭内部的讨价还价能力，然后引发暴力反弹。为了检验所提出的理论框架，该项目利用三个相互关联的实证策略，不仅阐明了欧洲国家以下和跨国的性别暴力模式，而且还阐明了微观层面的因果机制。首先，该项目使用了一个原始的数据集的普遍养家糊口的模型结合全国代表性，欧盟范围内的受害情况调查，以定量测试暴力和家庭政策之间的关联在欧洲。然后，对这一统计分析进行补充，对普遍养家模式的出现和实施情况进行历史比较分析，并对专家和女性暴力幸存者进行访谈研究，这对于在家庭政策和微观政策之间建立联系至关重要，该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过评估被认为值得支持使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准。

Gender equality and economic development go hand in hand. A wealth of evidence shows that economic development has a powerful, transformative, and profoundly positive effect on the social, economic and political circumstances of women. And nowhere is this relationship more apparent than in Europe where the states consistently and systematically score highly across all indicators associated with gender equality. However, despite these advances in gender equality, recent survey research shows that Europe has high rates of violence against women, particularly by intimate partners. This project argues that this counterintuitive pattern of everyday violence against women corresponds to the implementation and promotion of specific family policies, such as paid parental leave, childcare services, and individual taxation. While these policies are designed to increase female economic independence, they also precipitate the unravelling of traditional gender roles, which then provokes a violent male backlash against their partners. By recognizing the role of the state and identifying which family policies catalyze or exacerbate everyday violence, this project will help policymakers formulate best practices for addressing violence against women and improve the status women in Europe and elsewhere.This project examines a previously overlooked topic in political science - the issue of everyday violence against women. While analyses of conflict and the welfare state have increasingly incorporated gender and addressed issues such as wartime sexual violence and occupational sex segregation, relatively little research has been devoted to the violence against women during times of civil peace. This project investigates this unheeded phenomenon and questions why so many highly developed and egalitarian states, particularly in Europe, continue to have such high incidences of violence against women. It argues that everyday forms of violence against women are fundamentally political and can be best explained by variation in a state's implementation and promotion of the "universal breadwinning model", which undermines traditional gender norms, decreases men's intrafamily bargaining power, and then provokes a violent backlash. To test the proposed theoretical framework, this project utilizes three interconnected empirical strategies to elucidate not only the sub-national and cross-national patterns of gendered violence in Europe but also the micro-level causal mechanisms. First, the project uses an original dataset on the universal breadwinning model combined with a nationally-representative, EU-wide victimization survey to quantitatively test the association between violence and family policy in Europe. This statistical analysis is then supplemented with comparative historical analysis tracing the emergence and implementation of the universal breadwinning model, and interview research with experts and female survivors of violence, which is crucial for establishing the link between family policies and the micro-mechanism of changing intrafamily dynamics and male violence.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.