Hydrogeological and hydrochemical modelling of density-driven flow in the Tiberias Basin, in particular between Ha'on and Tiberias Regions, Jordan Valley

在第二阶段（目前的建议），所有的资源将用于解决高度复合和复杂的研究区域的三维模型的建设，以了解在TB以下的盐渍化过程的机制，特别是在HTR与盆地的断层和构造特征。最后，目前建议的建议将导致密度驱动流的研究领域的第一个区域模型的介绍。虽然二维和初步的三维模型已经提供了可能的传输机制的见解，很明显，三维建模的真实的结构数据将提供一个更好的理解水文过程有关的热量和盐水迁移断陷盆地。虽然二维模型在物理上是正确的，但断层地热系统是复杂的，并显示出巨大的地质和物理变化。这种复杂性的一个后果是，几个2D模型将无法提供系统的全貌，因为它是不可能的，以研究不同的2D模式之间的相互作用和耦合。正如所提交的手稿（附在附录中）中所解释的，对流模式最有可能是3D的，需要在一个完整的3D模型中解决。目前研究的初步3D模型证实了这一点（见3D摘要）。一个主要目标是使结构、物理和化学性质适应数值模型的3D要求。为了解决这个问题，（T3）将提供该区域的第一区域模型，允许（T1）基于真实的结构数据建立初步的3D数值模型。地质模型将以区块方式进行永久性细化，即根据系统的自然特征（断层、褶皱、分层等）、水文地球化学数据（T3和T2）和更新的数值结果（T1）确定主要地质/结构框。这将需要对上述多学科方法进行精心规划的协调。到目前为止，2D和初步3D模型已经完成，并显示了几种对流状态（见所附文章），需要解决的开放问题是： 2D模式如何在3D中发展？ 我们如何正确地应用一维理论（如Rayleigh，Nusselt）来预测断层和周围单元中三维对流的发生？- 在什么条件下对流模式仍然可以被认为是纯三维或二维的？解决所有这些关键点将解释： 断裂系统中流体活动输运过程的驱动机制- TB内观测到的盐水温度及其化学差异，主要是HTR西部来源和东部之间的差异。- 研究三维对流模式以及裂缝和渗透性更强的区域对深部流体流动的作用，以及它们对物质和能量迁移系统的影响。

In the second phase (the current proposal), all resources will be used to tackle the construction of the 3D model for the highly composite and complex study area, in order to understand the mechanisms of salinization processes below the TB and in particular in the HTR in relation to faults and tectonic features of the basin. Eventually, the current suggested proposal will result in the presentation of the first regional model of density driven flow for the study area. While the 2D and preliminary 3D models already provide insights into the possible transport mechanisms, it is clear that 3D modeling on real structural data will provide a better understanding of the hydrologic processes related to heat and brine migration in faulted basins. Although the 2D models are physically correct, faulted geothermal systems are complex and display huge geological and physical variability. A consequence of this complexity is that several 2D models will not provide a full picture of the system as it is impossible to study the interactions and coupling between the different 2D patterns.As explained in the submitted manuscript (enclosed in the appendix), convective patterns are most likely 3D and need to be addressed in a full 3D model. The preliminary 3D models currently investigated confirmed this aspect (see 3D abstracts).A major goal will be to adapt structural, physical and chemical properties to the 3D requirements of the numerical model. To tackle this problem, (T3) will provide a first regional model of the area allowing (T1) to build preliminary 3D numerical models based on real structural data. The geological model will be permanently refined in a block-wise manner, i.e. major geological/structural boxes will be identified according to natural features of the system (faults, folds, layering etc), hydro-geochemical data (T3 and T2) and updated numerical results (T1). This will require a well-planned co-ordination of the multi-disciplinary approach described above. By now the 2D and preliminary 3D models are completed and show several convective regimes (see enclosed article) and the open question that needs to be addressed are:- How do the 2D patterns develop in 3D?- How can we correctly apply adimensional theory (e.g. Rayleigh, Nusselt) to predict the onset of 3D convection in faults and surrounding units? - Under which conditions convective patterns can still be considered purely 3D or 2D?Solving all these key points will explain:- The driving mechanisms of active flow transport processes in faulted systems- The observed temperatures of brines and their chemical differences within the TB, mainly between the western sources and eastern part of the HTR. - The study of 3D convective patterns and the role of fractures and more permeable zones on deep fluid flow, their influence on the mass and energy migration system.