SBIR Phase I: High-power, lightweight, and flexible tandem perovskite solar panels

这项小型企业创新研究（SBIR）第一阶段项目的广泛影响/商业潜力是一个机会，可以开辟依赖移动电源的新应用，并大幅降低住宅、商业和公用事业规模太阳能发电的成本。该项目将使用钙钛矿吸收剂开发轻质、灵活、高效的光伏（PV）模块。双结或串联太阳能电池通过使用两个吸收层来吸收太阳光谱的互补部分，可以达到比传统单结电池更高的功率转换效率（45%对32%）；然而，串联电池之前对于主流应用来说过于昂贵。该项目使用钙钛矿材料在柔性基板上制造串联太阳能电池，通过使用高通量制造和低成本材料，成本低于传统电池。这些高效、轻便、灵活的模块将为长航时无人机、电动汽车的补充充电、用于屋顶太弱而无法使用典型面板的商业建筑的太阳能，以及降低住宅、商业和公用事业规模太阳能发电厂的安装、模块和总系统成本打开大门。拟议的项目解决了与柔性钙钛矿串联太阳能电池高效、稳定和低成本相关的技术挑战。钙钛矿串联太阳能电池以前已经被证明过，但从来没有以轻量和灵活的形式出现过。这种格式带来了独特的技术挑战，与串联设备堆栈中的多层分层相关，并且进一步要求每层都具有抗破裂的坚固性。柔性钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的一个关键工作领域是开发坚固、灵活、致密的扩散阻挡层，既能传导电流，又能阻止离子在各层之间的迁移。大部分的工作都集中在优化这些屏障层，以防止各种降解模式，一些普遍适用于所有钙钛矿太阳能电池，一些独特的钙钛矿串联太阳能电池。其他重点领域包括开发具有改进层间粘附性和灵活封装策略的灵活设备架构。实现这些目标将为以比现在低得多的成本生产高效、灵活的太阳能电池铺平道路。美国领先的太阳能技术。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The broader impact/commercial potential of this Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project is an opportunity to open up new applications that depend on mobile power and dramatically lower the cost of residential, commercial, and utility-scale solar power. The project will develop lightweight, flexible, and extremely efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules using perovskite absorbers. Double-junction or tandem solar cells can reach far higher power conversion efficiencies than traditional single-junction cells (45% vs. 32%) by using two absorbing layers that absorb complementary parts of the solar spectrum; however, tandem cells have previously been too expensive for mainstream applications. This project uses perovskite materials to make tandem solar cells on flexible substrates at a lower cost than conventional cells by using high-throughput manufacturing and lower-cost materials. These efficient, lightweight, and flexible modules will open the door to long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles, supplemental charging for electric cars, solar power for commercial buildings with roofs too weak for typical panels, and lower installation, module, and total system costs for residential, commercial, and utility-scale solar plants. The proposed project addresses the technical challenges associated with making flexible perovskite tandem solar cells efficient, stable, and low cost. Perovskite tandem solar cells have been demonstrated previously, but never in a lightweight and flexible format. Such a format creates unique technical challenges associated with delamination of the many layers in the tandem device stack, and further requires every layer to be robust to fracture. A critical area of work for flexible perovskite tandem solar cells is in developing robust, flexible, and dense diffusion barrier layers that can both conduct current and block the migration of ionic species between various layers. Much of the proposed work focuses on optimizing these barrier layers to prevent various degradation modes, some general to all perovskite solar cells and some unique to perovskite tandem solar cells. Other key focus areas include developing a flexible device architecture with improved adhesion between layers and a flexible encapsulation strategy. Realizing these goals will pave the way for highly efficient and flexible solar cells at substantially lower costs than today?s leading solar technologies.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.