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NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biology FY 2019: Mammals in the water: the loss of mastication in marine carnivores

2019 财年 NSF 生物学博士后奖学金：水中哺乳动物：海洋食肉动物咀嚼功能的丧失

基本信息

批准号：
1906181
负责人：
Carlos Peredo
金额：
$ 13.8万
依托单位：
Peredo Carlos M
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Fellowship Award
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2019-09-01 至 2022-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1906181&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship Biology FY

项目摘要

This action funds an NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology for FY 2019, Broadening Participation of Groups Under-represented in Biology. The fellowship supports a research and training plan for the Fellow that will increase the participation of groups underrepresented in biology. Marine mammals represent textbook examples of the fossil record documenting major physical transformations driven by changing ecology through time. To facilitate their transition from life on land to in the water, marine mammals undergo major shifts in feeding strategies. Carnivorous marine mammals lack the specialized molars adapted for chewing: a hallmark of land mammals. Instead, they have reduced or absent teeth. Does the return to a marine environment select for a reduction and loss of dentition in carnivorous mammals? Is chewing inefficient or ineffective for underwater feeding? This project will study feeding examples across the land to sea transition for carnivorous mammals to understand how changes in environment drive changes in dentition. The fellow will work with the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology to showcase feeding diversity in marine mammals. The fellow will mentor students from underrepresented groups and produce bilingual educational materials for teaching the evolution of marine feeding. Mammals returning to the ocean undergo dramatic morphological changes akin to scales to feathers in dinosaurs and fins to limbs in tetrapods. This research addresses large-scale questions about selective pressures on mammalian feeding systems and will identify the ecological drivers behind the loss of mastication: a critical precursor to more specialized feeding strategies (suction, piercing, and filter-feeding). This study will: perform shape analyses of teeth to quantify the diversity of dental phenotypes and identify instances of simplification (objective-1); conduct puncture tests to measure the performance of specific dental morphologies (objective-2); and place these results in an evolutionary context using time calibrated phylogenetic analyses (objective-3). It will test the following hypotheses: (H1) cetaceans and pinnipeds converge on overlapping dental phenotypes; (H2) both clades independently simplify and reduce their dentition through time; (H3) each dental phenotype is capable of effective mastication; (H4) the loss of mastication is temporally linked to the reduction and/or simplification of teeth; and (H5) the loss of mastication is an evolutionary adaptation for marine feeding. This research will integrate fossil and modern data to link specific morphologies to ecological performance, which is critical to understanding the evolution of complex structures from simple elements. The fellow will mentor students from underrepresented groups and produce bilingual educational materials for teaching the evolution of marine feeding.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

这一行动为NSF 2019财年生物学博士后研究奖学金提供资金，扩大了生物学领域代表性不足群体的参与。该奖学金支持一项针对该研究员的研究和培训计划，该计划将增加生物学中代表性不足的群体的参与。海洋哺乳动物是化石记录的教科书例子，记录了随着时间的推移生态变化所驱动的重大物理变化。为了促进海洋哺乳动物从陆地生活向水中生活的过渡，海洋哺乳动物在摄食策略上进行了重大转变。食肉海洋哺乳动物缺乏适合咀嚼的特殊磨牙：这是陆地哺乳动物的一个特征。相反，他们的牙齿减少或缺失。回归海洋环境是否会导致食肉哺乳动物牙齿的减少和丧失？在水下进食，咀嚼是低效的还是无效的？这个项目将研究食肉哺乳动物从陆地到海洋的过渡过程中的摄食例子，以了解环境变化如何导致牙齿的变化。这位研究员将与密歇根大学古生物学博物馆合作，展示海洋哺乳动物的摄食多样性。这位研究员将指导代表人数不足的群体的学生，并制作双语教材，教授海洋喂养的进化。返回海洋的哺乳动物经历了戏剧性的形态变化，类似于恐龙的鳞片和羽毛，以及四足动物的鳍和四肢。这项研究解决了关于哺乳动物喂养系统的选择压力的大规模问题，并将确定咀嚼丧失背后的生态驱动因素：咀嚼是更专门的喂养策略(吸食、穿孔和过滤喂养)的关键先驱。这项研究将：对牙齿进行形状分析，以量化牙齿表型的多样性，并确定简化的实例(目标1)；进行穿孔测试，以衡量特定牙齿形态的表现(目标2)；并使用时间校准的系统发育分析将这些结果置于进化背景中(目标3)。它将检验下列假设：(H1)鲸类和鳍足动物在重叠的牙齿表型上趋同；(H2)随着时间的推移，两个分支都独立地简化和减少其牙列；(H3)每种牙齿表型都能够进行有效的咀嚼；(H4)咀嚼作用的丧失在时间上与牙齿的减少和/或简化有关；以及(H5)咀嚼作用的丧失是对海洋摄食的进化适应。这项研究将整合化石和现代数据，将特定的形态与生态性能联系起来，这对于理解复杂结构从简单元素到进化至关重要。这位研究员将指导来自代表性不足群体的学生，并制作双语教材，教授海洋饲料的进化。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。