Collaborative Research: RUI: Towards High-Throughput Label-Free Circulating Tumor Cell Separation using 3D Deterministic Dielectrophoresis (D-Cubed)

循环肿瘤细胞越来越被认为是早期癌症检测的预测性生物标志物；因此，检测患者外周血循环肿瘤细胞对早期发现癌症、诊断和预测癌症进展具有重要的临床应用意义。如果能从全血中分离出有活力的、未经修饰的循环肿瘤细胞，那么对这些细胞的后续临床分析就可以导致个性化的癌症治疗。然而，由于循环肿瘤细胞极为罕见，一种成功的分离技术必须同时满足高通量、高灵敏度、高纯度和高活力的性能指标，这是一个从未实现的目标。为了解决这些性能指标，该项目采用了一种新的三重方法，称为三维确定性介电电泳。目前，三维几何、确定性横向位移和介质电泳在细胞分离过程中的联合作用是研究中的一个空白。通过这项研究，将获得对流体力学、细胞变形、介电泳力和确定性横向位移结构之间相互作用的全面理解，这将大大提高灵敏度、纯度和高通量细胞活力，同时满足所有要求。此外，该项目将对伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校（联邦政府指定的少数民族服务机构）和华盛顿州立大学温哥华分校（本科院校研究合格机构，华盛顿西南部唯一的四年制研究型大学）的大量技术领域代表性不足的学生产生重大影响。三维决定论双向电泳方法通过在以前不相关的思想和领域知识之间建立有意义和有价值的联系带来了变革性的影响-即决定论横向位移，双向电泳和三维打印-潜在地破坏和超越所有现有的替代方案。然而，为了使该方法真正用于医疗实践，必须获得有关分离过程的基本知识。这分为三个研究目标：1)使用具有实验验证的预测模型研究周期性障碍阵列中的细胞运输，细胞-障碍物碰撞动力学和细胞介电电泳；2)制作三维确定性双向电泳装置，表征不同障碍物形状、几何形状、障碍物阵列模式、双向电泳场参数、载体流体和流速对细胞分离性能的影响；3)对照上述四个性能指标，对肺肿瘤细胞的循环肿瘤细胞分离性能进行表征。本研究具有重要意义，因为多物理场数值模型将阐明该方法复杂分离原理的科学机理，为高通量无标记循环肿瘤细胞分离微流控装置的实验实现提供指导。这项研究的独特之处在于，介质电泳将首次与三维微观结构中的确定性横向位移相结合，这是由最先进的纳米三维打印技术实现的。随着循环肿瘤细胞越来越被认为是早期癌症的预测性生物标志物，本研究结果对临床应用具有重要意义，包括早期癌症检测以及癌症进展的诊断和预测。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Circulating tumor cells are increasingly recognized as predictive biomarkers in early cancer detection; therefore, detecting circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients has important implications for clinical applications, which include early cancer detection as well as diagnoses and prediction of cancer progression. If viable unmodified circulating tumor cells can be separated from whole blood, then subsequent clinical analysis of these cells can lead to personalized cancer treatment. However, due to the extreme rarity of circulating tumor cells, a successful separation technology must meet the performance metrics of high-throughput, high-sensitivity, high-purity, and high-viability simultaneously to be useful - a goal that has never been achieved. To tackle these performance metrics, this project utilizes a novel threefold method called Three-Dimensional Deterministic Dielectrophoresis. Currently, the combined effects of three-dimensional geometry, deterministic lateral displacement and dielectrophoresis in a cell separation process represent a gap in research. Through this research, comprehensive understanding of the interplay between fluid mechanics, cell deformation, dielectrophoretic forces, and deterministic lateral displacement structures will be gained, which will lead to much improved sensitivity, purity, and cell viability at high-throughput - all requirements to be met at the same time. Additionally, the project will have a significant impact on a large number of underrepresented students in technical fields at both University of Illinois at Chicago (a federally designated Minority Serving Institution) and Washington State University Vancouver (a Research in Undergraduate Institutions eligible institution and the only four-year research university in southwest Washington). The Three-Dimensional Deterministic Dielectrophoresis method brings a transformative impact by creating meaningful and valuable links between previously unconnected ideas and domain knowledge - namely deterministic lateral displacement, dielectrophoresis, and three-dimensional printing - potentially disrupting and outperforming all existing alternatives. However, in order to make the method truly useful for medical practice, fundamental knowledge about the separation process must be gained. This breaks down into three research objectives: 1) Study cell transport, cell-obstacle collision dynamics, and cell dielectrophoresis in periodic obstacle arrays using predictive models with experimental validations; 2) Fabricate Three-Dimensional Deterministic Dielectrophoresis devices and characterize how different obstacle shapes, geometries, obstacle array patterns, dielectrophoresis field parameters, carrier fluids and flow rates influence the cell separation performance; 3) Characterize circulating tumor cell separation performance for lung tumor cells against the four performance metrics above. This proposed research is significant because the multiphysics numerical models will elucidate scientific mechanisms of the complex separation principles of this method, which will guide experimental realization of a microfluidic device for high-throughput label-free circulating tumor cell separation. The research is unique in that dielectrophoresis will be combined with deterministic lateral displacement in a three-dimensional micro-structure for the first time, which is enabled by state-of-the-art nano three-dimensional printing technology. The research outcomes here have important implications for clinical applications including early cancer detection as well as diagnosis and prediction of cancer progression, as circulating tumor cells are increasingly recognized as predictive biomarkers in early stage cancer.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.