Characterization of Upward Leaders and the Attachment Process in Downward Cloud-to-Ground Lightning
下行云地闪电中上行先导的表征和附着过程
基本信息
- 批准号:1934066
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 60.4万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2019
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2019-09-01 至 2024-08-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
The energy delivered during and following lightning attachment to objects on the ground can start fires, damage/destroy equipment, injure/kill people and animals, cause explosions, and disrupt manufacturing processes. These risks have serious impacts on electric power transmission and distribution, telecommunications, gas pipelines, public safety and protection, management of outdoor activities, forestry, space launches, and public/private homes and infrastructure. However, the underlying 'attachment process' is sufficiently complex and variable that it has not been possible to gain more than a relatively crude understanding of it. Therefore, the broad scientific motivation of this project is to address the question of lightning attachment, recently expressed as one of the top ten open questions in lightning research: "What is the physical mechanism via which lightning attaches to elevated objects on the ground and to the flat ground?" Specifically, the researchers will measure and examine correlated electric currents, electromagnetic fields, and high-speed videos associated with the lightning attachment processes. The goal is to characterize in detail the physical processes associated with the different stages of lightning attachment. The study will provide direct measurements of the upward current from the ground and structures on the ground just prior to lightning attachment, which is thought to be a primary source of lightning injury. Further, the findings will directly impact lightning striking distance calculation and leader models that are essential for designing/augmenting lightning protection techniques. Also, in this project the researchers will utilize, augment, and maintain a unique (at least in the United States) existing current measurement facility. Beyond the direct importance noted above, this infrastructure is needed for future basic-science spectral-analyses studies of optical emissions from upward leaders and during early stages of lightning attachment that will help understand the time-evolution of the temperature profile in lightning channels. Finally, this project will be accompanied by an education program focused on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to have a broad impact on students with diverse backgrounds and to train the next generation of researchers in the areas of electromagnetism, geosciences, and atmospheric electricity. Undergraduate students and a graduate student (including minorities in STEM) will be trained in theory and observations as a part of this project and will have opportunities to participate in a research program involving collaborators with diverse backgrounds and expertise. In this project, the researchers will address some key scientific questions related to lightning attachment to objects on the ground including those regarding the characteristics of (unconnected and connecting) upward leaders at the time of their inception and before their attachment to downward leaders, the broadband electromagnetic field characteristics of the lightning attachment process, how the slow front and fast transition signatures are related to the breakthrough phase of lightning attachment, and how natural-lightning return stroke characteristics such as peak current and time evolution of charge transfer are related to upward leader characteristics such as speed, duration, brightness, and vertical extent. The electric current measurements will be performed at an existing lightning-current measurement facility on top of a 91.5-m tall tower at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in one of the highest lightning-incidence regions in the United States. This is presently the only natural-lightning electric current measurement facility operating in the United States. In conjunction with the current measurements, the researchers will deploy and perform as part of this study, electromagnetic field and extremely high-speed video camera measurements at distances of about 1.5 km and 700 m from the tower, respectively. The existing direct current measurement system allows the researchers to record currents associated with upward leaders with time and amplitude resolutions of 40 ns and about 1 A, respectively, saturating at 200 kA. The newly-purchased high-speed video camera measurement system will provide optical records of lightning attachment with temporal and spatial resolutions of a few microseconds and about 1 meter, respectively. Additionally, broadband electric field derivative and narrowband VHF emissions at 300 MHz from upward leaders in downward natural lightning will be measured at about 200 m from the tower. All measurements will be GPS-time-stamped allowing their time-correlation. Research findings from this project are expected to be of intense interest to the scientific community and will be distributed via conference and peer-reviewed journals.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
闪电附着到地面物体期间和之后传递的能量可能会引发火灾、损坏/摧毁设备、伤害/杀死人员和动物、引起爆炸并扰乱制造过程。这些风险对电力输送和分配、电信、天然气管道、公共安全和保护、户外活动管理、林业、航天发射以及公共/私人住宅和基础设施产生了严重影响。然而,潜在的“附着过程”非常复杂和多变,以至于人们只能对它有一个相对粗略的了解。因此,该项目的广泛科学动机是解决闪电附着问题,最近被认为是闪电研究中十大悬而未决的问题之一:“闪电附着在地面上的高处物体和平地上的物理机制是什么?“具体来说,研究人员将测量和检查与闪电附着过程相关的相关电流,电磁场和高速视频。我们的目标是详细描述与闪电附着的不同阶段相关的物理过程。这项研究将提供直接测量的上升电流从地面和地面上的结构之前,闪电附着,这被认为是一个主要的来源,雷击伤害。此外,研究结果将直接影响雷击距离计算和领导人的模型是必不可少的设计/增强防雷技术。此外,在这个项目中,研究人员将利用,增强和维护一个独特的(至少在美国)现有的电流测量设施。除了上面提到的直接重要性之外,这种基础设施还需要用于未来的基础科学光谱分析研究,研究来自向上领导者和闪电附着早期阶段的光发射,这将有助于了解闪电通道中温度分布的时间演变。最后,该项目将伴随着一个教育计划,重点是科学,技术,工程和数学(STEM),对不同背景的学生产生广泛的影响,并培养电磁学,地球科学和大气电领域的下一代研究人员。本科生和研究生(包括STEM中的少数民族)将接受理论和观察方面的培训,作为该项目的一部分,并将有机会参与涉及不同背景和专业知识的合作者的研究计划。在这个项目中,研究人员将解决一些与闪电附着在地面物体上有关的关键科学问题,包括关于(未连接和连接)向上先导在其开始时和在其附着到向下先导之前,闪电附着过程的宽带电磁场特性,慢锋和快跃迁特征如何与闪电附着的突破阶段相关,以及自然闪电回击特征(例如电荷转移的峰值电流和时间演变)如何与上行先导特征(例如速度、持续时间、亮度,垂直范围。电流测量将在肯尼迪航天中心(KSC)一座91.5米高的塔顶上的现有雷电流测量设施中进行,该中心是美国闪电入射率最高的地区之一。这是目前美国唯一的自然闪电电流测量设施。结合当前的测量,研究人员将分别在距离塔约1.5公里和700米处部署和执行电磁场和极高速摄像机测量。现有的直流测量系统使研究人员能够记录与上升先导相关的电流,时间和幅度分辨率分别为40 ns和约1 A,在200 kA时饱和。新购置的高速摄像机测量系统将提供闪电附着的光学记录,其时间分辨率和空间分辨率分别为几微秒和约1米。此外,将在距离塔约200米处测量向下自然闪电中向上先导的300 MHz宽带电场导数和窄带VHF发射。所有测量值都将带有GPS时间戳,以实现时间相关性。该项目的研究成果预计将引起科学界的浓厚兴趣,并将通过会议和同行评审期刊分发。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命,并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估,被认为值得支持。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(9)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Characterization of the initial stage in upward lightning at the Gaisberg Tower: 1. Current pulses
- DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108626
- 发表时间:2022
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:3.9
- 作者:N. Watanabe;A. Nag;G. Diendorfer;H. Pichler;W. Schulz;H. Rassoul
- 通讯作者:N. Watanabe;A. Nag;G. Diendorfer;H. Pichler;W. Schulz;H. Rassoul
Inferences on upward leader characteristics from measured currents
- DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105420
- 发表时间:2021-04
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:5.5
- 作者:A. Nag;K. Cummins;K. Cummins;M. Plaisir;Jennifer G. Wilson;D. E. Crawford;Robert G. Brown;R. Noggle;H. Rassoul
- 通讯作者:A. Nag;K. Cummins;K. Cummins;M. Plaisir;Jennifer G. Wilson;D. E. Crawford;Robert G. Brown;R. Noggle;H. Rassoul
Upward Leader Currents Measured at the Kennedy Space Center Industrial Area Tower
在肯尼迪航天中心工业区塔楼测量的向上先导电流
- DOI:
- 发表时间:2021
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:Nag, A.;Cummins, K.L.;Plaisir, M.;Wilson, J.;Crawford, D.;Brown, R.;Noggle, C.;Rassoul, H.K.
- 通讯作者:Rassoul, H.K.
The lightning attachment processes observed on a submicrosecond-scale: Measurements of current and video
在亚微秒尺度上观察到的闪电附着过程:电流和视频的测量
- DOI:
- 发表时间:2023
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:Plaisir, Mathieu;Nag, Amitabh;Cummins, Kenneth L.;Goldberg, Dylan J.;Biagi, Christopher J.;Brown, Robert G.;Rassoul, Hamid K.
- 通讯作者:Rassoul, Hamid K.
Space-leader characteristics in negative stepped-leaders followed by return strokes with significantly different peak currents
负阶梯引线中的空间引线特性,随后是峰值电流显着不同的返回行程
- DOI:
- 发表时间:2021
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:Khounate, H.;Nag, A.;Plaisir, M.N.;Imam, A.Y.;Biagi, C.J.;Rassoul, H.K.
- 通讯作者:Rassoul, H.K.
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