Spatially and Spectrally Resolved Semiconductor Single Crystal Arrays for Wafer-Scale Integrated Optoelectronics

非技术性：混合金属卤化物是一类出色的离子半导体，在器件应用方面前景广阔。它们的光学性质可以通过化学方法控制，并且可以在低温下形成单晶。单晶是一种高度有序的凝聚态物质，能够实现高性能的电子和光子学。该项目的目的是制造基于高质量钙钛矿单晶和单晶微阵列的低成本，高性能印刷器件。该项目将专注于直接印刷半导体单晶像素与化学调谐光谱特性的设备准备晶圆。PI将采用协同设计策略，同时解决单晶生长和器件集成问题。在晶圆上直接写入单晶晶体管和光电探测器阵列将是迈向下一代光电子器件和电路的关键一步。技术：该多学科项目旨在通过直接基于墨水的单晶光电子器件及其阵列的生长来推进混合金属卤化物（HMH）半导体材料的合成、加工和器件集成。HMH材料的类盐性质使其成为一类独特的半导体，其化学多样性与有机半导体相当，晶体有序性与常规无机半导体相当，并且部分由于大的自旋轨道耦合而具有优异的上级传输和光电性能。该项目将侧重于开发合成和加工方法，这些方法能够使用现成的印刷和涂层技术在设备就绪基板上的预定位置形成微观单晶及其阵列。协同设计策略将同时解决材料配方，表面化学，光谱特性和器件性能，以成功快速地将半导体单晶集成到（光）电子器件组件和阵列中。一种直接写入的方法将被开发，以产生光谱可调的单晶器件，包括场效应晶体管和光电晶体管，以及传统的和偏振敏感的光电探测器。这将扩大到演示单晶器件微阵列的晶圆级集成。本提案中开发的科学和工程知识将使溶液处理最终能够提供单晶口径的材料，而无需采用传统的真空技术或外延生长。通过现有的高通量涂布和印刷基础设施设计用于传统的薄膜涂布的单晶微阵列制造的实现是追求两个主要原因：（I）成熟的平台，共同集成材料合成和设备集成在同一基板上是适合于共同设计，和（II）广泛采用的制造方法更有可能在全国范围内提供的基础设施。拟议的共同设计战略将加强实验，并协助验证对该项目预期成果至关重要的科学和工程假设。这项研究将培养出电子材料加工和光电器件领域的新一代领导者。未来在这些领域的就业机会将给予研究生和本科生，包括妇女和代表性不足的少数民族。研究的传播将通过高影响力的出版物、已发布的数据集和科学界的演示，以及通过社交媒体和当地K-12学校的实践活动、北卡罗来纳州的公民科学项目进行。自然科学博物馆并在北卡罗来纳州州立大学建立了推广项目。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得支持通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估。

Nontechnical:Hybrid metal halides are a remarkable class of ionic semiconductors with great promise for device applications. Their optical properties can be chemically controlled and they can form single crystals at low temperatures. Single crystals are a highly ordered form of condensed matter and enable high performance electronics and photonics. The aim of this project is to fabricate low-cost, high performance printed devices based on high-quality single crystals and single crystal microarrays of perovskites. The project will focus on direct printing of semiconductor single crystal pixels with chemically-tuned spectral properties on device-ready wafers. The PI will use a co-design strategy to simultaneously tackle single crystal growth and device integration. Direct writing of single crystal transistor and photodetector arrays on wafers will be a crucial step toward next-generation optoelectronic devices and circuits.Technical:This multidisciplinary project seeks to advance the synthesis, processing, and device integration of hybrid metal halide (HMH) semiconductor materials by enabling the direct ink-based growth of single crystal-based optoelectronic devices and arrays thereof. The salt-like nature of HMH materials makes them a unique class of semiconductors with chemical diversity on par with organic semiconductors, crystalline order on par with conventional inorganic semiconductors, and superior transport and optoelectronic properties thanks in part to large spin-orbit coupling. This project will focus on developing synthetic and processing approaches which enable the formation of microscopic single crystals and arrays thereof at pre-determined locations on device-ready substrates using readily available printing and coating technologies. A co-design strategy will simultaneously tackle material formulation, surface chemistry, spectral properties and device performance to successfully and rapidly integrate semiconductor single crystals into (opto)electronic device components and arrays. A direct writing approaches will be developed to produce spectrally-tunable single crystal devices, including field-effect transistors and phototransistors, as well as conventional and polarization-sensitive photodetectors. This will be expanded to demonstrate wafer-scale integration of single crystal device microarrays. The scientific and engineering knowledge developed in this proposal will enable solution-processing to ultimately deliver materials of single crystal caliber without resorting to conventional ultrahigh vacuum techniques or epitaxial growth. The implementation of single crystal microarray fabrication through existing high throughput coating and printing infrastructure designed for traditional thin film coating is pursued for two main reasons: (I) mature platforms which co-integrate materials synthesis and device integration on the same substrate are suitable for co-design, and (II) broad adoption of manufacturing approaches is more likely given the available infrastructure across the nation. The proposed co-design strategy will provide intensification of experiments and assist in verifying scientific and engineering hypotheses crucial to the intended outcomes of this project. The research will raise a new generation of leaders in electronic materials processing and optoelectronic devices. Future career opportunities in these areas will be given to graduate and undergraduate students including women and underrepresented minorities. Dissemination of the research will take place through high impact publications, published datasets, and presentations for the scientific community, as well as through social media and hands-on activities in local K-12 schools, Citizen Science program at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, and established outreach programs at North Carolina State University.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.