Spatially and Spectrally Resolved Semiconductor Single Crystal Arrays for Wafer-Scale Integrated Optoelectronics

非技术：杂化金属卤化物是一类非凡的离子半导体，在器件应用方面具有很大的前景。它们的光学性质可以用化学方法控制，并且可以在低温下形成单晶。单晶是一种高度有序的凝聚态物质，可以实现高性能的电子学和光子学。该项目的目标是基于高质量的钙钛矿单晶和单晶微阵列制造低成本、高性能的印刷器件。该项目将专注于在器件就绪的晶圆上直接打印具有化学调谐光谱特性的半导体单晶像素。PI将采用协同设计策略，同时解决单晶生长和器件集成问题。在晶圆上直接写入单晶晶体管和光电探测器阵列将是迈向下一代光电器件和电路的关键一步。技术：该多学科项目旨在通过实现基于单晶的光电器件及其阵列的直接油墨生长，推进混合金属卤化物（HMH）半导体材料的合成、加工和器件集成。HMH材料的盐状性质使它们成为一类独特的半导体，具有与有机半导体相当的化学多样性，与传统无机半导体相当的晶体秩序，以及部分由于大的自旋轨道耦合而具有优越的输运和光电子特性。该项目将侧重于开发合成和加工方法，利用现成的印刷和涂层技术，使微观单晶及其阵列能够在设备就绪的基板上预先确定的位置形成。协同设计策略将同时解决材料配方，表面化学，光谱特性和器件性能，以成功和快速地将半导体单晶集成到（光电）电子器件组件和阵列中。将开发直接写入方法来生产光谱可调谐的单晶器件，包括场效应晶体管和光电晶体管，以及传统的和偏振敏感的光电探测器。这将扩展到展示单晶器件微阵列的晶圆级集成。本提案中发展的科学和工程知识将使溶液处理最终能够提供单晶口径的材料，而无需诉诸传统的超高真空技术或外延生长。通过现有的为传统薄膜涂层设计的高通量涂层和印刷基础设施来实现单晶微阵列制造主要有两个原因：(I)在同一衬底上集成材料合成和器件集成的成熟平台适合共同设计；（II）考虑到全国可用的基础设施，广泛采用制造方法更有可能。拟议的协同设计策略将加强实验，并协助验证对该项目预期结果至关重要的科学和工程假设。这项研究将培养新一代电子材料加工和光电子器件的领导者。未来在这些领域的就业机会将给予研究生和本科生，包括妇女和代表性不足的少数民族。研究的传播将通过高影响力的出版物、已出版的数据集和科学界的演讲，以及通过社交媒体和当地K-12学校的实践活动、北卡罗莱纳州自然科学博物馆的公民科学计划，以及北卡罗莱纳州立大学建立的外展计划进行。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Nontechnical:Hybrid metal halides are a remarkable class of ionic semiconductors with great promise for device applications. Their optical properties can be chemically controlled and they can form single crystals at low temperatures. Single crystals are a highly ordered form of condensed matter and enable high performance electronics and photonics. The aim of this project is to fabricate low-cost, high performance printed devices based on high-quality single crystals and single crystal microarrays of perovskites. The project will focus on direct printing of semiconductor single crystal pixels with chemically-tuned spectral properties on device-ready wafers. The PI will use a co-design strategy to simultaneously tackle single crystal growth and device integration. Direct writing of single crystal transistor and photodetector arrays on wafers will be a crucial step toward next-generation optoelectronic devices and circuits.Technical:This multidisciplinary project seeks to advance the synthesis, processing, and device integration of hybrid metal halide (HMH) semiconductor materials by enabling the direct ink-based growth of single crystal-based optoelectronic devices and arrays thereof. The salt-like nature of HMH materials makes them a unique class of semiconductors with chemical diversity on par with organic semiconductors, crystalline order on par with conventional inorganic semiconductors, and superior transport and optoelectronic properties thanks in part to large spin-orbit coupling. This project will focus on developing synthetic and processing approaches which enable the formation of microscopic single crystals and arrays thereof at pre-determined locations on device-ready substrates using readily available printing and coating technologies. A co-design strategy will simultaneously tackle material formulation, surface chemistry, spectral properties and device performance to successfully and rapidly integrate semiconductor single crystals into (opto)electronic device components and arrays. A direct writing approaches will be developed to produce spectrally-tunable single crystal devices, including field-effect transistors and phototransistors, as well as conventional and polarization-sensitive photodetectors. This will be expanded to demonstrate wafer-scale integration of single crystal device microarrays. The scientific and engineering knowledge developed in this proposal will enable solution-processing to ultimately deliver materials of single crystal caliber without resorting to conventional ultrahigh vacuum techniques or epitaxial growth. The implementation of single crystal microarray fabrication through existing high throughput coating and printing infrastructure designed for traditional thin film coating is pursued for two main reasons: (I) mature platforms which co-integrate materials synthesis and device integration on the same substrate are suitable for co-design, and (II) broad adoption of manufacturing approaches is more likely given the available infrastructure across the nation. The proposed co-design strategy will provide intensification of experiments and assist in verifying scientific and engineering hypotheses crucial to the intended outcomes of this project. The research will raise a new generation of leaders in electronic materials processing and optoelectronic devices. Future career opportunities in these areas will be given to graduate and undergraduate students including women and underrepresented minorities. Dissemination of the research will take place through high impact publications, published datasets, and presentations for the scientific community, as well as through social media and hands-on activities in local K-12 schools, Citizen Science program at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, and established outreach programs at North Carolina State University.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.