The Effects of the World War II Research Effort on Postwar U.S. Science, Technology, and Innovation

二战研究工作对战后美国科学、技术和创新的影响

• 批准号: 1951470
• 负责人: Daniel Gross
• 金额: $ 43.39万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1951470&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Effects; World; War; II; Research

There is widespread recognition that World War II was a sea-change event in government-science relations and in science and technology policy. The wartime research effort organized under the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) and led by Vannevar Bush, increased government investment in science by one to two orders of magnitude. OSRD research contributed to advances in a range of technologies that were crucial for winning the war—from weapons and optics to new medical treatments (such as antimalarials, vaccines, and other therapies that helped limit U.S. solider morbidity and mortality). In addition to laying the groundwork for postwar U.S. science and technology policy, the wartime effort is also thought to have had a transformative impact on the U.S. innovation system, including by catapulting U.S. firms and universities to the frontier of science and technology for the postwar period. As the war ended, President Roosevelt asked Bush to draw lessons from this "unique experiment" to harness science in peacetime. Bush’s response, Science: The Endless Frontier, is sometimes considered the ideological blueprint for postwar science policy. The goal of this project is to provide a quantitative assessment of the effects of the OSRD. Using newly-collected data on OSRD research contracts, this project examines (i) the effects of the wartime research effort on the intensity, direction, and location of postwar U.S. inventive activity, (ii) the influence of wartime medical research spending on postwar U.S. research, patenting, and product development in the life sciences, and (iii) the effects of the OSRD on the postwar U.S. scientific workforce. The use of novel datasets and methodological robust techniques for analyzing heterogeneous historical data will inform several other fields of study and serve as a rich training ground for students. Furthermore, the year 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of Science: the Endless Frontier. This project will provide a roadmap for ensuring US competitiveness and strength in the innovation system, particularly in times of exogenous shock.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

人们普遍认识到，第二次世界大战是政府与科学关系以及科学技术政策发生巨大变化的事件。由科学研究与发展办公室 (OSRD) 组织并由万尼瓦尔·布什 (Vannevar Bush) 领导的战时研究工作使政府对科学的投资增加了一到两个数量级。 OSRD 的研究促进了一系列对赢得战争至关重要的技术进步，从武器和光学到新的医疗方法（例如抗疟药、疫苗和其他有助于限制美国士兵发病率和死亡率的疗法）。除了为战后美国科技政策奠定基础外，战时的努力还被认为对美国创新体系产生了变革性影响，包括将美国公司和大学推向战后科技前沿。战争结束后，罗斯福总统要求布什从这一“独特的实验”中吸取教训，以便在和平时期利用科学。布什的回应《科学：无尽的前沿》有时被认为是战后科学政策的意识形态蓝图。该项目的目标是对 OSRD 的影响进行定量评估。该项目利用新收集的 OSRD 研究合同数据，研究了 (i) 战时研究工作对战后美国发明活动的强度、方向和地点的影响，(ii) 战时医学研究支出对战后美国生命科学领域的研究、专利和产品开发的影响，以及 (iii) OSRD 对战后美国科学劳动力的影响。使用新颖的数据集和强大的方法论技术来分析异构历史数据将为其他几个研究领域提供信息，并为学生提供丰富的训练场地。此外，2020 年是《科学：无尽的前沿》问世 75 周年。该项目将为确保美国在创新体系中的竞争力和实力提供路线图，特别是在外部冲击时期。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

The Government and Pharmaceutical Innovation: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

• DOI: 10.1017/jme.2021.3
• 发表时间: 2021-01-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS
• 影响因子: 2.1
• 作者: Sampat, Bhaven N.

The Hidden Costs of Securing Innovation: The Manifold Impacts of Compulsory Invention Secrecy

确保创新的隐性成本：强制发明保密的多重影响

• DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2022.4457
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Management Science
• 影响因子: 5.4
• 作者: Gross, Daniel P.

Whose Drugs Are These?

这些药物是谁的？

• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Issues in science and technology
• 影响因子: 1.7
• 作者: Sampat, Bhaven N.