Collaborative Research: Ground-Based Studies of High-Latitude Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Dynamics Using the Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS)

地面磁场观测继续在磁层和电离层研究中发挥着根本性作用。用于尖点和裂缝研究的磁强计阵列（MACCS）是一个由国家科学基金会资助的地面阵列，用于记录和传播重要的磁场测量结果以供科学分析。MACCS是现有的唯一空间间隔尖纬度阵列，将继续为地球空间现象的研究提供关键数据，包括太阳风-磁层和磁层-电离层的相互作用、磁层尖/边界层/地幔/极冠区域的动态、地磁暴和亚暴以及产生可导致地球电网停电的巨大地磁感应电流的局部不稳定性。因此，MACCS支持对威胁国家安全的极端空间天气事件的了解和准备。该项目将继续运行MACCS，这是一个重要的磁力计阵列，自1991年以来一直由NSF资助，并继续向科学界传播MACCS数据集。一个新的低成本磁感应磁力计传感器将在MACCS现场部署和测试。此外，科学研究将侧重于：（1）利用多仪器地面和卫星数据，包括MMS、货车艾伦探测器和SWARM，对高纬度超低频波进行详细研究，（2）继续研究与地磁感应电流有关的夜间脉冲磁扰动，（3）结合MACCS和邻近阵列的GPS数据和磁场数据，以更好地了解昼侧和夜侧边界域的电离层投影的动态，（4）使用机器学习技术研究影响相对论电子通量的因素，（5）产生表征全球ULF波和湍流的更高级别的数据产品，以及（6）利用空间天气模拟框架对超低频波在全球磁层中的激发和传播进行理论研究和模拟研究-该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Ground-based magnetic field observations continue to play a fundamental role in magnetospheric and ionospheric research. The Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS) is an NSF-funded ground-based array that records and disseminates important magnetic field measurements for scientific analyses. MACCS is the only longitudinally-spaced cusp-latitude array in existence and will continue to provide critical data for studies of geospace phenomena including solar wind-magnetosphere and magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions, the dynamics of the cusp/boundary layer/mantle/polar cap regions of the magnetosphere, geomagnetic storms and substorms, and localized instabilities that produce large geomagnetically induced currents which can cause power grid blackouts on Earth. Therefore, MACCS supports understanding and preparation for extreme space weather events which are a risk to national security. Additionally, this project supports the training of undergraduate and graduate student researchersThe project will continue operation of MACCS, an important magnetometer array that has been funded by NSF since 1991 and continue dissemination of the MACCS dataset to the scientific community. A new low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer sensor will be deployed and tested at MACCS sites. Additionally, scientific studies will focus on: (1) performing detailed studies of high-latitude ULF waves, using multi-instrument ground-based and satellite data including MMS, the Van Allen Probes, and SWARM, (2) Continuing studies of nighttime impulsive magnetic perturbations relevant to geomagnetically induced currents, (3) combining GPS data and magnetic field data from MACCS and neighboring arrays to better understand the dynamics of the ionospheric projections of dayside and nightside boundary domains, (4) using machine learning techniques to study factors influencing relativistic electron fluxes, (5) producing higher-level data products characterizing global ULF waves and turbulence, and (6) carrying out theoretical studies and modeling studies using the Space Weather Modeling Framework of the excitation and propagation of ULF waves through the global magnetosphere-ionosphere system.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.