Standard Research Grant: Science and the Social Production of Crisis: Sagas of HIV/Blood Contamination

标准研究补助金：科学与危机的社会生产：艾滋病毒/血液污染的传奇

• 批准号: 2020232
• 负责人: Constance Nathanson
• 金额: $ 32.01万
• 依托单位: Columbia University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2020232&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Standard; Research; Grant; Science; Social

HIV contamination of the blood supply happened in all industrialized countries in the early 1980s. The scope of the consequent medical disaster in different nations was almost unimaginable in terms of the numbers infected and mortality. Different countries confronted the same scientific uncertainties on the etiology and course of the AIDS epidemic, and there was marked overlap in key actors (i.e. blood bankers, government health officials, legislators, militant hemophiliacs) and in the identification of institutional failures. Nevertheless, this occurrence never rose to the level of political crisis in some nations but did in others. The goal of this project is to understand how history, politics, science, medicine, and public health converge to transform health catastrophes into political crises in some social contexts but not others. A detailed comparison of countries with different responses to the same public health disaster offers a natural experiment to unravel the importance of ideology, institutional structures, and social movement organizations in politicizing or mitigating catastrophe. Public health disasters have become a fact of life in our globalized world, as have differential governmental and public responses to them. The recent COVID-19 pandemic is but one case in point. The project will produce a podcast and an exhibition for museums and libraries to educate the public about these issues.This project is grounded in historical and archival research into previously inaccessible government documents, and in oral histories with major players in the AIDs epidemic. Across nations, the meanings of blood as a bodily fluid intrinsic to human dignity and personal integrity, as a marketable drug akin to aspirin or penicillin, or as a medical service like an organ transplant, and the organization of blood systems that institutionalize these meanings, were put in place at the end of the second world war. The differential evolution of these systems across nations over the decades since the war and of the starkly different ideologies surrounding them are key to understanding their different responses to HIV blood contamination. Such systemic differences lead to marked contrasts in interpretation and management of scientific uncertainties, in attributions of responsibility for scientific and/or public health mismanagement, and in strategies of mitigation. Overall, this project will contribute to our knowledge of the circumstances under which public health disasters are likely to also become political crises.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

20世纪80年代初，所有工业化国家都出现了血液供应受到艾滋病毒污染的情况。就感染人数和死亡率而言，由此造成的医疗灾难在不同国家的范围几乎是不可想象的。不同国家在艾滋病流行的病因和进程方面面临同样的科学不确定性，在关键行为者（即血库、政府卫生官员、立法者、好战的血友病患者）和查明体制失败方面存在明显的重叠。然而，这一事件在一些国家从未上升到政治危机的程度，但在另一些国家却上升到了政治危机的程度。这个项目的目标是了解历史、政治、科学、医学和公共卫生如何在某些社会背景下将健康灾难转化为政治危机，而不是其他社会背景。对对同一公共卫生灾难采取不同应对措施的国家进行详细比较，为揭示意识形态、制度结构和社会运动组织在将灾难政治化或减轻灾难方面的重要性提供了一个自然的实验。在我们这个全球化的世界里，公共卫生灾难已成为生活中的一个事实，政府和公众对此的反应也各不相同。最近的COVID-19大流行只是一个例子。该项目将为博物馆和图书馆制作播客和展览，向公众宣传这些问题。这个项目的基础是对以前无法获得的政府文件进行历史和档案研究，以及对艾滋病流行主要参与者的口述历史进行研究。在世界各国，血液作为人类尊严和个人完整所固有的体液的意义，作为类似于阿司匹林或青霉素的可销售药物的意义，或作为像器官移植这样的医疗服务的意义，以及将这些意义制度化的血液系统组织，都是在第二次世界大战结束时建立起来的。战后几十年来，这些系统在各国的不同演变，以及围绕它们的截然不同的意识形态，是理解它们对艾滋病毒血液污染的不同反应的关键。这种系统性差异导致在科学不确定性的解释和管理、科学和/或公共卫生管理不善的责任归属以及缓解战略方面存在明显差异。总的来说，这个项目将有助于我们了解在何种情况下公共卫生灾难也可能成为政治危机。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。