URoL:MTM2: Defining the ecological and genomic properties that underlie microbiome sensitivity and resilience

微生物组是生活在植物和动物身上和内部的生物体群落，在宿主的健康中发挥着重要作用。然而，科学家们目前对微生物组如何应对变化以及这些变化如何改变宿主的健康轨迹的过程了解有限。该项目将实施一个新的概念和方法框架，以大大推进这些过程的发现。为了改变对干扰如何影响植物和动物微生物组的理解，将对三种重要的水生生物进行一系列实验：海草，珊瑚和斑马鱼。其核心目标是定义定义微生物组对环境变化的敏感性和弹性的统一原则和特性。此外，该项目将确定微生物组的敏感性和弹性如何解释宿主健康的减少或改善。这种普遍特性的确定有可能改变微生物组研究和创新，特别是当它适用于健康和自然资源管理时。为了进一步提高科学家定义改变微生物组-宿主相互作用的机制的能力，该项目的研究人员将开发新颖且免费的数据分析工具和软件。还将制定有效的培训，推广和评估计划，以增加参与并促进所有背景的微生物组科学家的未来职业生涯。最后，在本项目中，努力可能会产生理论框架，用于预测宿主-微生物组相互作用如何响应环境变化，这对如何最佳地管理野生动物，牲畜，农业和人类健康具有影响。本项目旨在定义宿主相关微生物组的普遍属性，使其能够抵抗或从干扰中恢复。为此，将进行实验，正式测试微生物组的固有特性是否影响其对干扰的反应和恢复。为了揭示这些特性，三种模式和遗传多样性水生宿主系统（珊瑚，海草和斑马鱼）的微生物组将受到三种外源性和环境相关压力的挑战-抗生素，变暖的沃茨和病原体感染。然后将开发建模方法，以解决影响压力反应的微生物组的普遍特性，而不管群落的具体扰动或生态环境如何。这些系统不可知的微生物组测量（SAMM）将包括常见的生态指标以及使用AI算法开发的新指标，这些算法以独立于系统的方式将微生物特征置于背景中。还将测量宿主性状，以在干扰之前、期间和之后对宿主-微生物组相互作用进行建模，以了解这些特性如何与宿主生理学相关。该项目的独特之处在于，它测量了宿主微生物组系统如何随着时间的推移对干扰做出反应并从干扰中恢复，考虑了多种生态相关干扰之间的相互作用，并将结果整合到系统中，以揭示可推广的趋势。最后，这项工作有望对人类活动如何通过微生物组影响野生动物产生基础性见解。最终，预计这些努力将有助于未来微生物组的管理或操纵，以缓冲其主机从人类世的影响。这个奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

The microbiome is a community of organisms that lives on and within plants and animals, playing a fundamental role in the health of their hosts. However, scientists currently have limited knowledge about the processes underlying how microbiomes respond to change and how such changes may alter the health trajectories of their hosts. This project will implement a novel conceptual and methodological framework to substantially advance discovery of these processes. To transform understanding of how disturbances impact plant and animal microbiomes, a series of experiments with three important aquatic organisms: seagrasses, corals, and zebrafish, will be performed. The central aim is to define the unifying principles and properties that define a microbiome’s sensitivity and resilience to environmental changes. Moreover, this project will determine how the microbiome’s sensitivity and resilience explains reductions or improvements in their host’s health. The identification of such universal properties holds potential to transform microbiome research and innovation, particularly as it applies to health and natural resource management. To further advance the ability of scientists to define the mechanisms that alter microbiome-host interactions, researchers working on this project will develop novel and freely available data analytic tools and software. Effective training, outreach, and assessment programs that increase participation and advance the future careers of microbiome scientists of all backgrounds will also be developed. Lastly, during this project, efforts will likely yield theoretical frameworks for predicting how host-microbiome interactions respond to environmental variation, which holds implications for how optimally wildlife, livestock, agricultural, and human health are managed.This project seeks to define universal properties of host-associated microbiomes that enable their ability to resist or recover from disturbances. To do so, experiments to formally test whether innate properties of the microbiome influence its response to and recovery from a disturbance will be conducted. To uncover such properties, microbiomes of three model and phylogenetically diverse aquatic host systems - corals, seagrass, and zebrafish – will be challenged with three exogenous and environmentally relevant stressors – antibiotics, warming waters, and pathogen infection. Modeling approaches will then be developed to resolve universal properties of the microbiome that influence stress responses, irrespective of the specific perturbation or ecological context of the community. These System Agnostic Microbiome Measures, or ‘SAMMs’, will include common ecological metrics as well as novel metrics developed using AI algorithms that contextualize microbial features in a system-independent way. Host traits will also be measured to model host-microbiome interactions before, during, and after disturbance to understand how these properties relate to host physiology. This project is distinctive in that it measures how host-microbiome systems both respond to and recover from disturbances over time, considers interactions between multiple ecologically relevant disturbances, and integrates the results across systems to uncover generalizable trends. Lastly this work is expected to develop foundational insights into how human activity impacts wildlife through their microbiomes. Ultimately, it is anticipated that these efforts will contribute to a future wherein microbiomes are managed or manipulated to buffer their hosts from the impacts of the Anthropocene.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.