ARTS: North American Inocybaceae: A systematic and taxonomic revision

真菌种类繁多，全世界估计有100万到1000万种。然而，只有一小部分被正式描述过。Inocybaceae是一种形成蘑菇的真菌，估计在北美有大约300种，但其中许多种在几十年内没有被修订，大多数是从很少的收藏中知道的，而且物种很难仅根据形态学来识别。inocybacaceae很重要，因为它的物种与森林和城市环境中的松树和橡树等树木形成植物根系共生关系，而且许多物种对人类和宠物有毒。该奖项将资助修订和合成来自北美的Inocybaceae的研究，从而更好地了解其多样性，并为物种鉴定和更广泛的分类群提供资源。支持培养系统学和分类学领域的研究生、本科生和公民科学家，其目的是了解生物体如何随着时间的推移而多样化及其识别和分类。这项研究还将改善美国的自然历史收藏，并使inocybacae成为未来生物学其他研究领域研究的模型组。这个项目的研究人员将根据进化理论对虫虫科进行现代系统的修订。个别物种将根据博物馆和植物标本馆的自然历史藏品的输入进行修订，并辅以来自野外的新鲜样本和环境DNA。将对大量模式标本进行分子注释，以确认其分类地位和与现存标本的关系。这将产生100年来该科的第一本专著，有助于北美地区的现代植物区系处理，并导致许多新物种的描述。利用氮和碳的稳定同位素数据来评估向菌根习性转变的时间和数量，将对inocybacae及其姊妹类群crepidotacae的功能多样性进行测量。关于宏观进化和宏观生态学的几个假设将被评估。这意味着热带祖先的温带后代的多样性增加，以及某些形态特征和生物地理特征之间的适应性或功能联系。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Fungi are staggeringly diverse with anywhere from 1-10 million species estimated worldwide. However, only a fraction has been formally described. The Inocybaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi estimated to contain some 300 species in North America, but many of these have not been revised in decades, most are known from very few collections, and species are difficult to identify based on morphology alone. The Inocybaceae is important because its species form plant root mutualisms with trees like pines and oaks in forested and urban settings, and many species are toxic to humans and pets. This award will fund research to revise and synthesize the Inocybaceae from North America, thus enabling a better understanding of its diversity and provide resources for identification of species and more inclusive taxa. Support will be provided to train graduate students, undergraduates, and citizen scientists in the field of systematics and taxonomy, which aims to understand how organisms have diversified over time and their identification and classification. This research will also improve natural history collections in the United States and enable the Inocybaceae to become a model group for future studies in other research areas of biology.Researchers in this project will produce a modern systematic revision of the Inocybaceae based on evolutionary theory. Individual species will be revised based on input from natural history collections in museums and herbaria augmented by fresh samples from the field and environmental DNA. Numerous type specimens will be molecularly annotated to affirm their taxonomic status and relationship to extant collections. This will result in the first monograph of the family in 100 years, aid modern floristic treatments by region in North America, and result in description of many novel species. Measures of functional diversity will be made across the Inocybaceae and its sister group, the Crepidotaceae, using stable isotope data of nitrogen and carbon to evaluate the timing and number of shifts to the mycorrhizal habit. Several hypotheses regarding macroevolution and macroecology will be assessed. These entail a putative increase in diversification in temperate descendants of tropical ancestors and adaptive or functional links between certain morphological features and biogeographical traits.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.