ARTS: North American Inocybaceae: A systematic and taxonomic revision

真菌种类繁多，全世界估计有100-1000万种。然而，只有一小部分被正式描述。Inocybaceae是一科蘑菇形成的真菌，估计在北美包含约300种，但其中许多几十年来没有修改过，大多数是从很少的收集中已知的，仅凭形态很难识别物种。猫草科很重要，因为它的物种在森林和城市环境中与松树和橡树等树木形成植物根互惠关系，而且许多物种对人类和宠物都是有毒的。这一奖项将资助修订和合成来自北美的千金藤科植物的研究，从而使人们能够更好地了解其多样性，并为鉴定物种和更具包容性的类群提供资源。将提供支持，培训系统学和分类学领域的研究生、本科生和公民科学家，旨在了解生物体如何随着时间的推移而多样化，以及它们的识别和分类。这项研究还将完善美国的自然历史收藏品，使豆科植物成为未来生物学其他研究领域研究的模式群。本项目的研究人员将基于进化理论对豆科植物进行现代系统修订。个别物种将根据博物馆和草本植物的自然历史收藏品进行修改，并增加来自野外的新鲜样本和环境DNA。许多模式标本将被分子注释，以确认它们的分类地位和与现有收藏的关系。这将是100年来该科的第一本专著，有助于北美地区的现代植物区系处理，并导致许多新物种的描述。我们将利用稳定的氮和碳同位素数据，对豆科植物及其姊妹类群--杜鹃花科植物的功能多样性进行测量，以评估菌根习性转变的时间和数量。我们将评估有关宏观进化和宏观生态学的几个假说。这意味着热带祖先的温带后代的多样性增加，以及某些形态特征和生物地理旅行之间的适应性或功能联系。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Fungi are staggeringly diverse with anywhere from 1-10 million species estimated worldwide. However, only a fraction has been formally described. The Inocybaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi estimated to contain some 300 species in North America, but many of these have not been revised in decades, most are known from very few collections, and species are difficult to identify based on morphology alone. The Inocybaceae is important because its species form plant root mutualisms with trees like pines and oaks in forested and urban settings, and many species are toxic to humans and pets. This award will fund research to revise and synthesize the Inocybaceae from North America, thus enabling a better understanding of its diversity and provide resources for identification of species and more inclusive taxa. Support will be provided to train graduate students, undergraduates, and citizen scientists in the field of systematics and taxonomy, which aims to understand how organisms have diversified over time and their identification and classification. This research will also improve natural history collections in the United States and enable the Inocybaceae to become a model group for future studies in other research areas of biology.Researchers in this project will produce a modern systematic revision of the Inocybaceae based on evolutionary theory. Individual species will be revised based on input from natural history collections in museums and herbaria augmented by fresh samples from the field and environmental DNA. Numerous type specimens will be molecularly annotated to affirm their taxonomic status and relationship to extant collections. This will result in the first monograph of the family in 100 years, aid modern floristic treatments by region in North America, and result in description of many novel species. Measures of functional diversity will be made across the Inocybaceae and its sister group, the Crepidotaceae, using stable isotope data of nitrogen and carbon to evaluate the timing and number of shifts to the mycorrhizal habit. Several hypotheses regarding macroevolution and macroecology will be assessed. These entail a putative increase in diversification in temperate descendants of tropical ancestors and adaptive or functional links between certain morphological features and biogeographical traits.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.