The Event Horizon Telescope: Resolving Black Holes in Time and Space

事件视界望远镜：解决时间和空间中的黑洞

• 批准号: 2034306
• 负责人: Vincent Fish
• 金额: $ 978万
• 依托单位: Northeast Radio Observatory Corp
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-03-01 至 2026-02-28
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2034306&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Event; Horizon; Telescope; Resolving; Black

Black holes are the most mysterious objects in the cosmos. They are formed when matter collapses in on itself under the force of gravity, producing a singularity of infinite density. This singularity cannot be directly observed because it is surrounded by an event horizon, the point where the black hole’s gravitational field is so strong that even light cannot escape, but matter outside the event horizon can in principle be observed. On April 10, 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) succeeded in producing the first image of a black hole at the center of the galaxy M87, 55 million light years from Earth. The observed ring of light bent in the immense gravity was stunning confirmation that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of galaxies. The EHT results enabled scientists to verify key predictions of Einstein’s theory of gravity at the black hole boundary and to study how supermassive black holes dominate the energetics and dynamics at the centers of galaxies. This project aims to build upon this success by improving the EHT so that astronomers can make black hole images that are much more detailed and take the first steps towards making black hole movies. Observations under this award will address key questions about general relativity and astronomy, including whether black holes spin and how they launch powerful jets that travel at nearly the speed of light to distances larger than the host galaxy itself. This project includes resources for training the next generation of radio astronomers involving postdoctoral scholars and graduate and undergraduate students at US universities, including minority-serving institutions, and will undertake cultural outreach to the Hawaiian community.This award supports continued operations of an enhanced Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) over the next three years to test general relativity and study the astrophysics of supermassive black holes, including the Galactic Center source (Sagittarius A*) and the black hole in the center of the nearby galaxy M87. Investments in instrumentation to transform submillimeter VLBI into a standard observing mode across the heterogeneous array will enable monitoring campaigns triggered during optimal observing conditions, allowing a study of the dynamics of the material at the base of the jet in M87. The extension of observing to the 345 GHz frequency band will increase the angular resolution of the EHT, sharpen its view of Sagittarius A* due to reduced interstellar scattering, enhance its ability to study the structure of the magnetic field in these and other sources, and test the prediction that photon rings are independent of observing frequency. The EHT will continue to be made available to the broader astronomical community through an annual call for proposals.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

黑洞是宇宙中最神秘的物体。它们是物质在重力作用下坍缩形成的，产生了无限密度的奇点。 这个奇点不能被直接观察到，因为它被一个事件视界所包围，黑洞的引力场如此强大，以至于连光都无法逃脱，但事件视界之外的物质原则上可以被观察到。 2019年4月10日，事件视界望远镜（EHT）成功拍摄了距离地球5500万光年的M87星系中心的第一张黑洞图像。 观察到的光环在巨大的引力中弯曲，这是对超大质量黑洞存在于星系中心的惊人确认。EHT的结果使科学家能够验证爱因斯坦黑洞边界引力理论的关键预测，并研究超大质量黑洞如何主导星系中心的能量学和动力学。 该项目旨在通过改进EHT来建立这一成功，以便天文学家可以制作更详细的黑洞图像，并迈出制作黑洞电影的第一步。 该奖项下的观测将解决有关广义相对论和天文学的关键问题，包括黑洞是否旋转以及它们如何以接近光速的速度发射强大的喷流，其距离大于宿主星系本身。 该项目包括培训下一代射电天文学家的资源，包括美国大学的博士后学者和研究生和本科生，包括少数民族服务机构，并将对夏威夷社区进行文化宣传。该奖项支持增强的事件视界望远镜（EHT）在未来三年内继续运行，以测试广义相对论和研究超大质量黑洞的天体物理学，包括银河系中心源（人马座A*）和附近星系M87中心的黑洞。 对仪器的投资，将亚毫米VLBI转换为跨异构阵列的标准观测模式，将使监测活动在最佳观测条件下触发，允许研究M87喷气机底部的材料动力学。 将观测范围扩展到345 GHz频段将提高EHT的角分辨率，由于星际散射的减少而使其对人马座A* 的观测更加清晰，增强其研究这些和其他来源的磁场结构的能力，并测试光子环与观测频率无关的预测。 EHT将继续通过每年的提案征集向更广泛的天文学界提供。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

MeqSilhouette v2: spectrally resolved polarimetric synthetic data generation for the event horizon telescope

MeqSilhouette v2：事件视界望远镜的光谱解析偏振合成数据生成

• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac531
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• 影响因子: 4.8
• 作者: Natarajan, Iniyan;Deane, Roger;Martí-Vidal, Iván;Roelofs, Freek;Janssen, Michael;Wielgus, Maciek;Blackburn, Lindy;Blecher, Tariq;Perkins, Simon;Smirnov, Oleg
• 通讯作者: Smirnov, Oleg

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

• DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674
• 发表时间: 2022-05-01
• 期刊: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
• 影响因子: 7.9
• 作者: Akiyama, Kazunori;Alberdi, Antxon;Zeballos, Milagros
• 通讯作者: Zeballos, Milagros

Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc586
• 发表时间: 2023-03
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: B. Prather;J. Dexter;M. Mościbrodzka;Hung-Yi Pu;T. Bronzwaer;J. Davelaar;Z. Younsi;C. Gammie;R. Gold;G. Wong;K. Akiyama;A. Alberdi;W. Alef;J. Algaba;R. Anantua;K. Asada;R. Azulay;U. Bach;A. Baczko;D. Ball;M. Balokovi'c;J. Barrett;M. Baubock;B. Benson;D. Bintley;L. Blackburn;R. Blundell;K. Bouman;G. Bower;H. Boyce;M. Bremer;C. Brinkerink;R. Brissenden;S. Britzen;A. Broderick;D. Broguiere;S. Bustamante;D. Byun;J. Carlstrom;C. Ceccobello;A. Chael;Chi-kwan Chan;Dominic O. Chang;K. Chatterjee;S. Chatterjee;Ming-Tang Chen;Yongjun Chen;Xiaopeng Cheng;I. Cho;P. Christian;N. S. Conroy;J. Conway;J. Cordes;T. Crawford;G. Crew;A. Cruz-Osorio;Yuzhu Cui;M. Laurentis;R. Deane;J. Dempsey;G. Desvignes;Vedant Dhruv;S. Doeleman;S. Dougal;S. Dzib;R. Eatough;R. Emami;H. Falcke;J. Farah;V. Fish;E. Fomalont;H. Ford;R. Fraga-Encinas;W. T. Freeman;P. Friberg;C. Fromm;A. Fuentes;P. Galison;Roberto Garc'ia;O. Gentaz;B. Georgiev;C. Goddi;A. I. G'omez-Ruiz;Jos'e L. G'omez;M. Gu;M. Gurwell;K. Hada;D. Haggard;K. Haworth;M. Hecht;R. Hesper;D. Heumann;L. Ho;P. Ho;M. Honma;Chih-Wei L. Huang;Lei Huang;D. Hughes;Shiro Ikeda;C. Impellizzeri;M. Inoue;S. Issaoun;David J. James;B. Jannuzi;M. Janssen;B. Jeter;Wu Jiang;A. Jim'enez-Rosales;Michael D. Johnson;S. Jorstad;A. Joshi;T. Jung;M. Karami;R. Karuppusamy;T. Kawashima;G. Keating;M. Kettenis;Dong-Jin Kim;Jae-Young Kim;Jongsoo Kim;Junhan Kim;M. Kino;J. Koay;Prashant Kocherlakota;Y. Kofuji;S. Koyama;C. Kramer;M. Kramer;T. Krichbaum;C. Kuo;N. Bella;T. Lauer;Daeyoung Lee;Sang-Sung Lee;P. Leung;A. Levis;Zhiyuan Li;R. Lico;G. Lindahl;M. Lindqvist;M. Lisakov;Jun Liu;Kuo Liu;E. Liuzzo;Wen-Ping Lo;A. Lobanov;L. Loinard;C. Lonsdale;Ruohan Lu;N. MacDonald;J. Mao;N. Marchili;S. Markoff;D. Marrone;A. Marscher;Iv'an Mart'i-Vidal;S. Matsushita;L. Matthews;L. Medeiros;K. Menten;D. Michalik;I. Mizuno;Y. Mizuno;J. Moran;Kotaro Moriyama;C. Muller;A. Mus;G. Musoke;I. Myserlis;A. Nadolski;H. Nagai;N. Nagar;M. Nakamura;R. Narayan;G. Narayanan;I. Natarajan;A. Nathanail;S. N. Fuentes;J. Neilsen;R. Neri;C. Ni;A. Noutsos;M. Nowak;J. Oh;H. Okino;H. Olivares;G. Ortiz-Le'on;T. Oyama;F. Ozel;D. Palumbo;G. Paraschos;Jongho Park;H. Parsons;N. Patel;U. Pen;D. Pesce;V. Pi'etu;R. Plambeck;A. PopStefanija;O. Porth;F. Potzl;J. A. Preciado-L'opez;D. Psaltis;V. Ramakrishnan;R. Rao;M. Rawlings;A. Raymond;L. Rezzolla;Angelo Ricarte;B. Ripperda;F. Roelofs;Alan Rogers;Eduardo Ros;C. Romero-Cañizales;A. Roshanineshat;H. Rottmann;A. Roy;I. Ruiz;C. Ruszczyk;K. Rygl;S. S'anchez;D. S'anchez-Arguelles;M. S'anchez-Portal;M. Sasada;K. Satapathy;T. Savolainen;F. Schloerb;J. Schonfeld;K. Schuster;Lijing Shao;Zhiqiang Shen;D. Small;B. Sohn;J. SooHoo;K. Souccar;He Sun;F. Tazaki;A. Tetarenko;P. Tiede;R. Tilanus;M. Titus;P. Torne;E. Traianou;T. Trent;S. Trippe;Matthew A. Turk;I. Bemmel;H. V. Langevelde;D. V. Rossum;J. Vos;J. Wagner;D. Ward-Thompson;J. Wardle;J. Weintroub;N. Wex;R. Wharton;M. Wielgus;K. Wiik;G. Witzel;M. Wondrak;Qingwen Wu;P. Yamaguchi;A. Yfantis;D. Yoon;A. Young;K. Young;Wei Yu;F. Yuan;Ye-Fei Yuan;J. Zensus;Shuo Zhang;Guangyao Zhao;Shan-Shan Zhao-Shan

Shadow Geometry of Kerr Naked Singularities

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ace697
• 发表时间: 2023-02
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: Bao Nguyen;P. Christian;Chi-kwan Chan

Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA

ALMA 事件视界望远镜目标的偏振特性

• DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abee6a
• 发表时间: 2021-03-01
• 期刊: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
• 影响因子: 7.9
• 作者: Goddi, Ciriaco;Marti-Vidal, Ivan;Valtonen, Mauri
• 通讯作者: Valtonen, Mauri