Collaborative Research: Biomass burning smoke as a driver of multi-scale microbial teleconnections

合作研究：生物质燃烧烟雾作为多尺度微生物遥相关的驱动因素

• 批准号: 2039552
• 负责人: Adam Kochanski
• 金额: $ 9.98万
• 依托单位: San Jose State University Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-01 至 2025-03-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2039552&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Biomass; burning; smoke

Microbes are found in all environments and play essential roles in nutrient cycling, gas exchange, and through associations with plants and animals. However, the ways that microbes are transported from one environment to another are not well understood. Each year, wildland fires emit millions of tons of smoke particles into the atmosphere and these particles likely carry microbes with them. Traditionally, wildfires have been studied in terms of direct impacts to terrestrial biota and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere, but the role of smoke as an agent of biological dispersal has yet to be explored. Grasslands are one of the most widespread and frequently burned ecosystems, so this research will examine the impacts of smoke-driven microbial dispersal in tallgrass prairies of the central United States using unmanned aerial vehicles flying into smoke plumes, combustion experiments and soil incubations that mimic conditions in nature. This project uses an integrated approach to better understand the consequences of smoke to human, plant, and animal health across all environments where wildland fire occurs. The increasing size and severity of global wildfires, leading to increased interaction between biomass burning smoke and human populations, make this research relevant to a wide range of stakeholders including those interested in the potential transport of pathogenic microbes. In addition to mentoring three post-doctoral scholars, a graduate student, and undergraduate summer interns, the results will be disseminated to local communities through existing K-12 and informal learning programs at the Konza Prairie LTER and NEON sites. Microbial emissions in smoke from biomass burning are both quantitatively and qualitatively different from the bioaerosols observed from wind-driven emissions, implying that wildland fire may be a globally relevant and yet-unquantified mechanism for microbial teleconnections among ecosystems. To test how smoke drives microbial metacommunity ecology, this project will use an integrated approach that compares the composition and viability of smoke source and sink microbial assemblages in field- and laboratory-based experiments. Smoke and particulate deposition during repeated prescribed fires in grasslands will be sampled over two years to characterize the relationships among fire behavior, meteorological conditions, and survival of microbes transported in smoke. Sterilized and untreated soils from similar, unburned sites will be exposed to contrasting dosages of smoke with known microbial content to compare the relative influence of selection, dispersal, and drift on soil microbial community assembly. These data will be used to build new capacity for simulating smoke microbial dispersal across scales by parameterizing microbial emission fluxes and microbial dispersion in atmospheric, chemical transport, and coupled fire-atmosphere models. Results will lend insight into the relative importance of stochastic vs. deterministic processes in driving microbial community ecology in systems where fire disturbances are frequent, while modeling will enable predictions of the scale and impact of smoke-related microbial dispersal. This research will inform questions about microbial gene flow, microbial pathogen epidemiology, phytopathogens, and meteorological processes, and will expand fundamental understanding of fire’s ecological significance.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

微生物存在于所有环境中，并在营养循环，气体交换以及与植物和动物的联系中发挥重要作用。然而，微生物从一个环境转移到另一个环境的方式还不清楚。每年，野火都会向大气中排放数百万吨的烟雾颗粒，这些颗粒可能携带着微生物。传统上，野火一直是从对陆地生物群以及大气的化学和物理的直接影响方面进行研究的，但烟雾作为生物扩散媒介的作用还有待探讨。草原是最广泛和最频繁燃烧的生态系统之一，因此这项研究将研究美国中部高草草原中烟雾驱动的微生物扩散的影响，使用无人驾驶飞行器飞入烟雾羽流，燃烧实验和土壤培养，模拟自然条件。该项目采用综合方法，以更好地了解烟雾对发生野火的所有环境中的人类，植物和动物健康的影响。全球野火的规模和严重程度不断增加，导致生物质燃烧烟雾和人口之间的相互作用增加，使这项研究与广泛的利益相关者有关，包括那些对病原微生物的潜在运输感兴趣的人。除了指导三名博士后学者，一名研究生和本科暑期实习生外，研究结果还将通过现有的K-12和Konza Prairie LTER和氖网站的非正式学习计划传播给当地社区。生物质燃烧产生的烟雾中的微生物排放与从风力驱动的排放中观察到的生物气溶胶在数量和质量上都不同，这意味着荒地火灾可能是生态系统之间微生物遥相关的全球相关和尚未量化的机制。为了测试烟雾如何驱动微生物代谢生态学，该项目将使用一种综合方法，在现场和实验室实验中比较烟雾源和汇微生物组合的组成和活力。在草原上反复规定的火灾期间的烟雾和颗粒物沉积将在两年多的时间内进行采样，以表征火灾行为，气象条件和烟雾中微生物的生存之间的关系。来自类似的未燃烧场地的灭菌和未处理土壤将暴露于具有已知微生物含量的对比剂量的烟雾中，以比较选择，分散和漂移对土壤微生物群落组装的相对影响。这些数据将用于建立新的能力，通过参数化大气中的微生物排放通量和微生物扩散，化学运输和耦合火灾-大气模型来模拟烟雾微生物扩散。研究结果将有助于深入了解随机与确定性过程在火灾干扰频繁的系统中驱动微生物群落生态的相对重要性，而建模将能够预测与烟雾相关的微生物扩散的规模和影响。这项研究将为微生物基因流、微生物病原体流行病学、植物病原体和气象过程等问题提供信息，并将扩大对火灾生态意义的基本理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Using Satellite‐Derived Fire Arrival Times for Coupled Wildfire‐Air Quality Simulations at Regional Scales of the 2020 California Wildfire Season

使用卫星导出的火灾到达时间进行耦合野火 - 2020 年加州野火季节区域尺度的空气质量模拟

• DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037062
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
• 作者: Lassman, W.;Mirocha, J. D.;Arthur, R. S.;Kochanski, A. K.;Farguell Caus, A.;Bagley, A. M.;Carreras Sospedra, M.;Dabdub, D.;Barbato, M.
• 通讯作者: Barbato, M.

Integration of a Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Model Into a Regional Air Quality Forecasting System for Wildfire Events

• DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.728726
• 发表时间: 2021-11-10
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE
• 影响因子: 3.2
• 作者: Kochanski, Adam K.;Herron-Thorpe, Farren;Vaughan, Joseph K.
• 通讯作者: Vaughan, Joseph K.

Sensitivity of Pyrocumulus Convection to Tree Mortality During the 2020 Creek Fire in California

2020 年加利福尼亚州溪火期间火积云对流对树木死亡的敏感性

• DOI: 10.1029/2023gl104193
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Lee, Jungmin M.;Mirocha, Jeffrey D.;Lareau, Neil P.;Whitney, Taylor;To, Wing;Kochanski, Adam;Lassman, William
• 通讯作者: Lassman, William