From royal gravemounds to civic necropoleis: Modern funeral archaeology investigating social stratigraphy and local identities in hellenistic Pergamon and the Eolic cities

墓地和佩加蒙的大墓室以及基姆和埃莱亚的伊奥利亚城市代表了一项无价的考古遗产，可以了解希腊化的小亚细亚关键地区的政治、社会和文化动态。它们提供了广泛的社会学和历史背景：一方面，它们提供了关于社会各个阶层的信息，从阿塔利亚王子和富裕的公民到人口中较普通的部分；另一方面，所研究的地区提供了各种各样的政治，社会和文化状况：佩加蒙的居住城市，Kyme（伊奥利德的心脏，长期处于塞琉古的控制之下）和Elaia（伊奥利亚城市和佩加蒙的海军基地）。这种情况为探讨学术界正在讨论的一系列问题提供了一个理想的背景：(1)通过丧葬实践和行为来研究社会结构；(2)希腊化王权影响下城市意识形态表现形式的转变；(3)阿塔利德王国首都与自治城邦之间互动的文化影响；(4)公元前3世纪和公元前2世纪希腊化王国的地方身份转换和意识形态模式的流通。根据最近的研究，我们的目标是将丧葬行为视为社会、文化和宗教习惯的微妙而复杂的表达。为了更新这些方法，首先必须重新考虑自19世纪80年代以来产生的考古文献，并与已经在该领域工作的团队一起创建一个法德合作项目。该项目旨在制定一项共同战略，通过结合法国和德国在丧葬考古方面最具创新性的研究成果，加强对科学数据的利用。我们的目标是组成一个跨学科的法国-德国-土耳其团队，能够在这个为期三年的项目中根据该地区的不同地点进行干预，并能够与其他土耳其和外国合作伙伴开展合作。案例研究是埃莱亚和基姆的城市墓地，以及佩加蒙和基姆的大型墓群。法德主要小组将采用一系列共同方法，包括但不限于：遥感、地球物理和地震调查；根据调查结果，在墓地和大土丘之间选择战略区域进行挖掘；丧葬人类学研究双方案（考古死亡学和生物人类学）和考古分析（物理化学和古遗传学）对出土遗骸；协调考古和建筑研究，根据主要问题1-4（见上文）进行考古-历史联合分析和解释。

The necropoleis and the great tumuli of Pergamon and the Eolian cities of Kyme and Elaia represent a priceless archaeological heritage for understanding the political, social and cultural dynamics in a key region of Hellenistic Asia Minor. They offer a wide range of sociological and historical contexts: on the one hand they provide information on every stratum of the society, from the Attalid princes and the prosperous citizens to the more modest section of the population; on the other hand, the studied area offers a large variety of political, social and cultural situations: the residential city of Pergamon, Kyme (the heart of Eolid, which long remained under the Seleucid control), and Elaia (both an Eolian city and the naval base of Pergamon). This situation gives an ideal background to approach a series of questions that are under discussion in the scholarly milieu: (1) The structure of the society through the funerary practices and behaviors; (2) The transformation of the forms of the urban ideological representations under the influence of the Hellenistic kingship; (3) The cultural impact of the interactions between the capital of the Attalid kingdom and the autonomous poleis; (4) The transformation of local identities and the circulation of ideological models from the Hellenistic Kingdoms in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. Following themost recent research, our aim is to approach the funerary behaviors as a subtle and complex expression of the social, cultural and religious habitus. In order to renew such approaches one first has to reconsider the archaeological documentation produced since the 1880s and create a collaborative French-German program with the teams already working in this area. The project aims at developing a common strategy in order to enhance the exploitation of scientific data by combining the most innovative aspects of French and German research in funerary archaeology. Our goal is to constitute an interdisciplinary French-German-Turkish team that will be capable of intervening throughout this three-years project based on different sites of the region and that will also be able to develop collaboration with the other Turkish and foreign partners. The case studies are the urban necropoleis of Elaia and Kyme, as well as the large tumuli of Pergamon and Kyme. A series of common methods will be applied by the main French-German team, including but not limited to: Remote sensing, geophysical and geoseismic survey; excavation of strategic areas, chosen after the result of the surveys, in the necropoleis and among the large mounds; double program of funerary anthropological studies (archaeo-thanatology and biological anthropology) and archaeometry analyses (physico-chemical and paleo-genetical) on unearthed remains; concerted archaeological and architectural studies leading to a joint archaeological-historical analysis and interpretation according to the main questions 1-4 (see above).