3D Structure of Hadrons from Electromagnetic Probes Beyond the Leading Order of QED

现代核科学中的关键问题包括：（i）夸克和胶子在形成核子（质子和中子）和原子核中的作用;（ii）轻子（电子和μ子）与核子和原子核之间相互作用的基本对称性。美国对基础科学进行了大量投资，并为旨在寻找这些问题答案的核研究提供了设施。这些设施包括托马斯杰斐逊国家加速器设施的CEBAF，该设施将研究强子的结构，包括质子和中子在内的一组重基本粒子，以及计划在布鲁克海文国家实验室建造的未来电子离子对撞机。用于探测核结构的电子是带电粒子，当它们散射核目标时，它们不可避免地发射光子或交换额外的虚光子，这对强子结构和动力学的解释提出了挑战。该项目旨在开发一种统一的方法，在电子散射过程的理论描述中考虑高阶电磁效应和核子结构。此外，PI将指导学生从事这项研究，提供公开讲座，并组织会议与学生在当地的高中在华盛顿，DC。该项目将推进当前的理解强子的电磁相互作用超越了领先的QED通过发展适当的理论和建模方法。新的影响将被认为是弹性电子核子散射，深虚电生的π介子，半包容的深度非弹性散射的轻子，沿着与新的相对论电子的拓扑状态。调查的结果将讨论有关的物理程序在杰斐逊实验室和未来的电子离子对撞机在布鲁克海文国家实验室，旨在映射三维结构的强子从精确的电子散射。该项目的结果将通过杰斐逊实验室（辐射校正服务台）反映的用户友好界面传播，以协助核物理界开发适当的物理分析工具。通过PI在GEANT 4协作中的积极成员身份，将在GEANT 4工具包中实现轻子散射的偏振相关截面的新解决方案。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Key questions being addressed in modern nuclear science include, among others, (i) the role of the quarks and gluons in forming nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei and (ii) fundamental symmetries governing interactions between leptons (electrons and muons) and nucleons and nuclei. The US has made significant investments into fundamental science and provided facilities for nuclear research that are aimed toward finding answers to these questions. These facilities include CEBAF at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, which will investigate the structure of hadrons, the set of heavy elementary particles that includes the proton and neutron, and a future Electron-Ion Collider planned at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The electrons used to probe the nuclear structure are charged particles, and while scattering off nuclear targets they inevitably emit photons or exchange extra virtual photons, presenting a challenge in interpretation in terms of hadronic structure and dynamics. This project aims to develop a unified approach that will consider both high-order electromagnetic effects and the nucleon’s structure in a theoretical description of electron scattering processes. In addition, the PI will mentor students engaged in this research, provide public lectures, and organize meeting with students in local high schools in Washington, DC.This project will advance current understanding of electromagnetic interactions of hadrons beyond the leading order in QED by developing appropriate theoretical and modelling approaches. Novel effects will be considered for elastic electron-nucleon scattering, deep-virtual electroproduction of pions, semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of leptons, along with new topological states of relativistic electrons. The results of the investigation will be discussed in relation to the physics programs at Jefferson Lab and future Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab that aim to map 3D-structure of hadrons from precision electron scattering. Results of the project will be disseminated through a user-friendly interface mirrored at Jefferson Lab (Radiative Corrections Helpdesk) to assist nuclear physics community in developing proper physics analysis tools. Novel solutions for polarization-dependent cross sections of lepton scattering will be implemented in GEANT4 toolkit through PI’s active membership in GEANT4 Collaboration.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.