RAPID: Initial Colonists of Freshly Emplaced Volcanic Rocks at High Latitude: A Case Study of the 2021 Volcanic Eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland

RAPID：高纬度新安置火山岩的最初殖民者：以 2021 年冰岛雷克雅内斯半岛火山喷发为例

• 批准号: 2128606
• 负责人: Solange Duhamel
• 金额: $ 4.59万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-15 至 2022-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2128606&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Initial; Colonists; Freshly; Emplaced

An essential task in geomicrobiology is to understand how newly formed substrates become colonized by microbial communities, which may ultimately play a role in rock weathering, soil formation and ecosystem development. Volcanic eruptions offer numerous opportunities to increase our understanding of terrestrial ecosystem formation. However, very few teams have been able to collect samples and data at early stages of volcanic substrate formation. Most studies have started their samplings years, often decades to hundreds of years after the eruption (i.e., well after the establishment of microbial communities), and only one study was able to gather data three months after the eruption. Therefore, very little is known about the initial colonists of freshly deposited volcanic rocks, particularly at high latitudes. On March 19th 2021, the new volcanic eruption near Mount Fagradalsfjall, on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Southwest Iceland, began extruding a fresh lava flow. Studying the initial colonists of the freshly deposited volcanic rock from the onset of its formation represents a unique opportunity to answer many questions about the microbial succession and community establishment of new ecosystems. This project will acquire samples and data for microbial, geochemical and physicochemical characterization of the new ecosystem formation. Considering this rare chance for an immediate sampling of a fresh lava flow, this work has the potential to transform our understanding of microbial community succession from a sterile environment to an established and resilient community. This project will also train one graduate student in field sampling and laboratory analyses. Results from this effort will be made publicly available shortly after sample and data collection. The graduate student and the investigator will give public lectures about the work. They will also coordinate with the U.S. Embassy in Iceland and Fulbright – Iceland Commission to promote the RAPID response by U.S. researchers in Iceland.The project seeks to answer fundamental questions about the initial colonists of freshly deposited volcanic rocks: 1-What is the taxonomic diversity of the earliest colonists of volcanic rocks and how does it change over time? 2-What are the potential sources of colonizers? 3-What are the metabolic capabilities of these early colonists? Being in Iceland before, during and at least 5 months after the start of the Fagradalsfjall volcanic eruption, affords the investigator a rare opportunity to collect pre-, and post-eruption samples and data to answer these questions. Two hypotheses will be tested: (H1) early colonizers of the volcanic rock will be present in low abundance, low taxonomic diversity and rely on photo- and/or chemolithotrophic metabolism and (H2) the volcanic rock will harbor an increasingly complex microbial community in terms of diversity and function over time, including organoheterophs and photoautotrophs, after only a few months. The project will acquire samples and data for microbial, geochemical and physicochemical characterization of the new ecosystem formation. The new discoveries resulting from this study would set the stage for further research that will analyze the samples with sequencing and geochemical approaches and extend the study over a longer period (years). The research will provide urgently needed evidence to examine how newly formed volcanic substrates become colonized by microbial communities, looking specifically at the taxonomic identity and functional capabilities of early colonists but also at their external sources. To examine the origin of early colonists they will also collect samples from water, rock, soil and bioaerosols as part of the RAPID response. In the follow up study, they will use next-generation sequencing-based microbial source tracking to estimate the source of microbes found to occupy the newly formed lava flows. The research products will be of interest to a number of other fields outside the immediate field, specifically fields seeking a mechanistic understanding of interactions between microbial populations and their environment, and the emergent properties of the complex community. The new culture isolates will also provide information on the roles of early colonizers in elemental cycles, geobiology, and biochemistry. This project will support the travel of a graduate student to perform field work in Iceland and to process samples for return to his Institution. Results from this work will be a key focus of his Ph.D. research. Results from this effort will be disseminated through publications, public databases, and public lectures.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

地球微生物学的一项重要任务是了解新形成的基质如何被微生物群落殖民，这可能最终在岩石风化，土壤形成和生态系统发展中发挥作用。火山爆发提供了许多机会，以增加我们对陆地生态系统形成的理解。然而，很少有团队能够在火山基底形成的早期阶段收集样本和数据。大多数研究都是在火山爆发后的几年，通常是几十年到几百年（即，在微生物群落建立之后很久），只有一项研究能够在火山爆发三个月后收集数据。因此，人们对新沉积火山岩的最初殖民者知之甚少，特别是在高纬度地区。2021年3月19日，冰岛西南部雷克雅内斯半岛上法格拉达尔斯菲亚尔山附近的新火山爆发，开始挤出新鲜的熔岩流。研究新沉积的火山岩从形成之初的最初殖民者是一个独特的机会，可以回答有关新生态系统的微生物演替和群落建立的许多问题。该项目将采集样品和数据，以确定新生态系统形成的微生物、地球化学和物理化学特征。考虑到这种立即对新鲜熔岩流进行采样的难得机会，这项工作有可能将我们对微生物群落演替的理解从无菌环境转变为一个成熟而有弹性的群落。该项目还将培训一名研究生进行实地取样和实验室分析。这项工作的结果将在抽样和收集数据后不久公布。研究生和调查员将就这项工作进行公开讲座。他们还将与美国驻冰岛大使馆和富布赖特-冰岛委员会协调，促进美国研究人员在冰岛的快速反应。该项目旨在回答有关新沉积火山岩的最初殖民者的基本问题：1-火山岩的最早殖民者的分类多样性是什么，它如何随着时间的推移而变化？2-殖民者的潜在来源是什么？3-这些早期殖民者的新陈代谢能力如何？在Fagradalsfjall火山爆发之前、期间和之后至少5个月在冰岛，为调查人员提供了一个难得的机会，收集爆发前和爆发后的样本和数据，以回答这些问题。将检验两个假设：（H1）火山岩的早期定居者将以低丰度、低分类多样性存在，并且依赖于光营养代谢和/或化能无机营养代谢，以及（H2）火山岩将在仅仅几个月后就多样性和功能而言随着时间的推移而具有日益复杂的微生物群落，包括有机异养生物和光自养生物。该项目将采集样品和数据，以确定新生态系统形成的微生物、地球化学和物理化学特征。这项研究的新发现将为进一步的研究奠定基础，这些研究将用测序和地球化学方法分析样品，并将研究延长到更长的时间（数年）。这项研究将提供迫切需要的证据，以研究新形成的火山基质如何被微生物群落殖民，特别是早期殖民者的分类身份和功能能力，以及它们的外部来源。为了研究早期殖民者的起源，他们还将收集水、岩石、土壤和生物气溶胶的样本，作为快速反应的一部分。在后续研究中，他们将使用下一代基于测序的微生物来源跟踪来估计发现占据新形成的熔岩流的微生物的来源。这些研究成果将对直接领域之外的许多其他领域产生兴趣，特别是寻求微生物种群与其环境之间相互作用的机械理解以及复杂社区的新兴特性的领域。新的培养分离物还将提供关于早期殖民者在元素循环、地球生物学和生物化学中的作用的信息。该项目将资助一名研究生前往冰岛进行实地工作，并处理样品返回其所在机构。这项工作的结果将是他博士学位的重点。research.这项工作的成果将通过出版物、公共数据库和公开讲座传播。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。