RAPID: Response to the 2021 Earthquake Swarm and Volcanic Eruption in Reykjanes, Iceland

捕捉火山爆发的早期阶段是非常困难的，特别是在偏远地区。冰岛的Fagradaldsfjall火山爆发是不寻常的，因为它之前有一个持续近一个月的地震群。这为调查潜在的喷发地点提供了机会，收集最可能喷发地点的高分辨率（厘米级）初步数字高程模型，使用无人机系统生成相关的数字高程模型和正射镶嵌图，以及获得必要的许可，以便在喷发时进入该地区。因此，当火山爆发开始时，它的开放阶段和发展以来一直受到监测。目前正在对最有可能成为熔岩流路径的山谷进行喷发前调查。还正在绘制具体地震事件的地表表现图，以确定地表断裂模式与震源机制之间的联系。正在测量活动熔岩侵位过程，以建立更好的限制渗出率，熔岩侵位动力学，熔岩热流变学和熔岩冷却。除了提供对熔岩流危害有用的信息外，该项目还资助一名研究生的研究。自2月21日以来，雷克雅未克半岛的2021年震群已经产生了50，000次地震，并于3月3日确定了震颤，标志着岩浆运动。在接下来的几天里，岩浆来到距离地表1公里的地方，格林尼治标准时间3月19日晚上8点45分，位于雷克雅未克西南50公里处的多山的Krísuvík地区开始喷发。拟议的努力是对震群和火山爆发的立即反应，为科学界收集数据。将建立一个地面控制点网络，其中包括利用差分全球定位系统测量确定的60个空中目标，并安装三个气象站进行连续的环境测量。这些都需要建立无人机和传统航空测量的大地测量控制，以及限制环境条件，这对热遥感至关重要。一旦建立了GCP，应获得无人驾驶飞机系统（UAS）观测结果，并根据当地地面高程，用于生成8-16 cm/post数字高程模型（DEM）和2-4 cm/像素正射影像。数据正在存档，以确保GCP信息和UAS观测通过亚利桑那大学的ReDATA系统免费提供给公众，该系统是一个可查找，可扩展，可互操作和可重用（FAIR）存档，可以快速发布数据，并带有数字对象标识符（DOI）。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

It is exceptionally difficult to capture the early phases of an eruption, especially in a remote area. The Fagradaldsfjall eruption in Iceland is unusual in that it was preceded by an earthquake swarm that lasted for nearly a month. This provided the opportunity to investigate the potential eruption site, collect high resolution (centimeter-scale) preliminary DEMs of the most probable eruption sites, generate associated DEMs and orthomosaics using UAS, as well as obtain the necessary permissions to access the area in the event of the eruption. Consequently, when the eruption began, its opening phase and development since have been monitored. Pre-eruption surveys of valleys that are most likely to become lava flow paths are being mapped. Maps are also being constructed of the surface expression of specific seismic events to determine links between surface fracture patterns and earthquake source mechanisms. Active lava emplacement processes are being measured to establish better constraints on effusion rates, lava emplacement dynamics, lava thermo-rheology, and lava cooling. In addition to providing information that will be useful for lava-flow hazards, the project is funding the research of a graduate student.The 2021 earthquake swarm on the Reykjanes peninsula has generated 50,000 earthquakes since 21 February and on 3 March tremor was identified, signaling magma movement. In the following days, the magma came within 1 km of the surface and an eruption began at 8:45 pm GMT on March 19 in the hilly Krísuvík region, which is located 50 km southwest of Reykjavík. The proposed effort constitutes an immediate response to the earthquake swarm and eruption to collect data for the scientific community. A Ground-Control Point (GCP) network will be established, including 60 aerial targets located using Differential Global Positioning System (DPGS) measurements and the installation of three meterological stations for continuous environmental measurement. These are needed to establish geodetic control for UAS and traditional aerial surveys as well s constrain environmental conditions, which is vital for thermal remote sensing. Once the GCP is established, Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) observations shall be obtained and used to generate 8–16 cm/post digital elevation models (DEMs) and 2–4 cm/pixel orthoimages, depending on local ground elevation. Data are being archived to ensure that GCP information and UAS observations are made freely available to the public via the University of Arizona’s ReDATA system, which is a Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) archive that enables rapid release of data, with digital object identifiers (DOIs). The research of a graduate student is being funded, and the information will be useful to local authorities for hazard assessment.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.