RAPID: Response to the 2021 Earthquake Swarm and Volcanic Eruption in Reykjanes, Iceland

RAPID：应对 2021 年冰岛雷克雅内斯地震群和火山喷发

• 批准号: 2131889
• 负责人: Christopher Hamilton
• 金额: $ 7.85万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-06-01 至 2022-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2131889&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Response; 2021; Earthquake; Swarm

It is exceptionally difficult to capture the early phases of an eruption, especially in a remote area. The Fagradaldsfjall eruption in Iceland is unusual in that it was preceded by an earthquake swarm that lasted for nearly a month. This provided the opportunity to investigate the potential eruption site, collect high resolution (centimeter-scale) preliminary DEMs of the most probable eruption sites, generate associated DEMs and orthomosaics using UAS, as well as obtain the necessary permissions to access the area in the event of the eruption. Consequently, when the eruption began, its opening phase and development since have been monitored. Pre-eruption surveys of valleys that are most likely to become lava flow paths are being mapped. Maps are also being constructed of the surface expression of specific seismic events to determine links between surface fracture patterns and earthquake source mechanisms. Active lava emplacement processes are being measured to establish better constraints on effusion rates, lava emplacement dynamics, lava thermo-rheology, and lava cooling. In addition to providing information that will be useful for lava-flow hazards, the project is funding the research of a graduate student.The 2021 earthquake swarm on the Reykjanes peninsula has generated 50,000 earthquakes since 21 February and on 3 March tremor was identified, signaling magma movement. In the following days, the magma came within 1 km of the surface and an eruption began at 8:45 pm GMT on March 19 in the hilly Krísuvík region, which is located 50 km southwest of Reykjavík. The proposed effort constitutes an immediate response to the earthquake swarm and eruption to collect data for the scientific community. A Ground-Control Point (GCP) network will be established, including 60 aerial targets located using Differential Global Positioning System (DPGS) measurements and the installation of three meterological stations for continuous environmental measurement. These are needed to establish geodetic control for UAS and traditional aerial surveys as well s constrain environmental conditions, which is vital for thermal remote sensing. Once the GCP is established, Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) observations shall be obtained and used to generate 8–16 cm/post digital elevation models (DEMs) and 2–4 cm/pixel orthoimages, depending on local ground elevation. Data are being archived to ensure that GCP information and UAS observations are made freely available to the public via the University of Arizona’s ReDATA system, which is a Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) archive that enables rapid release of data, with digital object identifiers (DOIs). The research of a graduate student is being funded, and the information will be useful to local authorities for hazard assessment.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

捕捉火山喷发的早期阶段是非常困难的，尤其是在偏远地区。冰岛fagradaldsjall火山爆发的不同寻常之处在于，它发生在持续了近一个月的地震群之前。这为调查潜在的喷发地点提供了机会，收集最可能喷发地点的高分辨率（厘米尺度）初步dem，使用UAS生成相关的dem和正形图，以及获得必要的许可，以便在爆发时进入该地区。因此，当火山开始喷发时，它的开始阶段和此后的发展都被监测到了。火山爆发前对最有可能成为熔岩流路径的山谷的调查正在绘制。还正在绘制具体地震事件的地表表现图，以确定地表断裂模式与震源机制之间的联系。正在测量活动熔岩就位过程，以建立对渗出率、熔岩就位动力学、熔岩热流变学和熔岩冷却的更好约束。除了提供对熔岩流危害有用的信息外，该项目还资助了一名研究生的研究。自2月21日以来，雷克雅那半岛的2021年地震群已经产生了5万次地震，3月3日发现震颤，表明岩浆运动。在接下来的几天里，岩浆到达距离地表1公里的地方，并于格林尼治时间3月19日晚上8:45在位于Reykjavík西南50公里处的丘陵地区Krísuvík爆发。拟议的努力构成了对地震群和火山喷发的即时反应，为科学界收集数据。将建立一个地面控制点（GCP）网络，包括使用差分全球定位系统（DPGS）测量定位的60个空中目标，并安装三个气象站进行连续的环境测量。这些都需要为无人机和传统的航空测量建立大地测量控制，以及约束环境条件，这对热遥感至关重要。一旦建立了GCP，将获得无人飞行器系统（UAS）的观测数据，并根据当地地面高程生成8-16厘米/后数字高程模型（dem）和2-4厘米/像素正射像。数据正在存档，以确保GCP信息和UAS观测通过亚利桑那大学的ReDATA系统免费提供给公众，该系统是一个可查找、可访问、可互操作和可重复使用（FAIR）的存档，能够快速发布数据，并具有数字对象标识符（doi）。一名研究生的研究得到了资助，这些信息将对地方当局进行危害评估有用。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Volume, Effusion Rate, and Lava Transport During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption: Results From Near Real‐Time Photogrammetric Monitoring

2021 年 Fagradalsfjall 喷发期间的体积、喷出率和熔岩输送：近实时摄影测量监测的结果

• DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097125
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Pedersen, Gro B.;Belart, Joaquin M.;Óskarsson, Birgir Vilhelm;Gudmundsson, Magnús Tumi;Gies, Nils;Högnadóttir, Thórdís;Hjartardóttir, Ásta Rut;Pinel, Virginie;Berthier, Etienne;Dürig, Tobias
• 通讯作者: Dürig, Tobias