Tendon-Systems for Seismic Protection of Historic Block Masonry Structures

由大型石块建造的古代建筑（如希腊神庙）非常坚固，甚至可以抵御地震。今天，它们中的大多数都是废墟，我们对它们在极端地震下的表现知之甚少。这一点很重要，如果我们想为将来保留它们，并且在地震时可能需要进行改造。该先驱项目通过混合模拟提供了有关柱性能的重要基础知识，从而为它们开发了逼真的数值模型。它还证明了所谓的“钢筋束系统”对此类结构进行抗震改造的有效性。这种“地震控制”的概念通过其中心的钢筋束稳定了柱的运动，只有在地震时才会产生重新定心的力。这个系统不会改变原有的结构概念（这也是我们文化遗产的一部分，而不仅仅是建筑），而且几乎是完全可逆的。这两者都是对历史建筑进行改造的重要条件。在对柱子进行调查期间获得的知识和应用的方法现在将用于该项目的继续，以分析框檐和山墙中的块体结构的行为。这应该使我们能够模拟地震下的完整结构。为此，将开发块对块模型，该模型不仅对块之间的机械相互作用进行建模，而且还考虑了块模式的影响，该块模式通过其几何形状施加一定的运动模式。混合仿真（数值模型和试件的在线组合）被证明是对柱进行调查的一个很好的工具，并将再次用于产生真实的数据来验证数值模型。此外，将进一步调查腱系统，这次包括可以控制腱中力的设备。最后，该项目将提供一种方法，用于真实模拟地震下由大型石块制成的古建筑的行为，并允许我们决定是否需要适当的改造技术，（特别是可控肌腱系统）。因此，它将为保护我们的文化遗产免受最危险的自然灾害之一的影响做出重大贡献。

Antique structures made of large stone blocks (e.g. Greek temples) were very robust, even against earthquakes. Today, most of them are ruins and we know very little about their performance under extreme earthquakes. This is important though, if we want to preserve them for the future and in case earthquake retrofitting may be necessary.The precursor project provided important basic knowledge about the performance of columns through hybrid simulations that lead to the development of realistic numerical models for them. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of the so-called "Tendon System" for seismic retrofitting of such structures. This "seismic control" concept stabilizes the motion of the column through a tendon in its centre, which produces re-centering forces only during an earthquake. This system does not change the original structural concept (which is also part of our cultural heritage, not only the architecture) and it is almost entirely reversible. Both are important conditions for any retrofitting performed on historical structures.The knowledge gained and methods applied during the investigations on the columns will now be used in the continuation of this project, in order to analyze the behavior of the block structure in the architraves and gables. This should enable us to model the complete structure realistically under earthquakes. For this, a block-for-block model will be developed, which not only models the mechanical interaction between blocks, but also considers the influence of the block pattern, which imposes certain motion pattern through its geometry. Hybrid simulation (an online combination of numerical model and specimen) turned out to be an excellent tool for the investigations on the columns and will be used again to produce realistic data to validate the numerical model.In addition, the Tendon System will be investigated further, this time including devices that can control the forces in the Tendons.In the end, this project shall provide a method for a realistic simulation of the behavior of antique structures made of large stone blocks under earthquakes, and allow us to decide on the need for adequate retrofitting technologies (especially the controllable Tendon System).It would thus make a substantial contribution to the protection of our cultural heritage against one of the most dangerous natural hazards.