RAPID/Collaborative Research: Examining Household Movements and Evacuation Decision-Making in a Compounding Risk Event

对家庭来说，选择应对飓风威胁的保护行动可能是一个具有挑战性的过程。使这一过程更加复杂的是，持续的新冠肺炎大流行带来的风险，以及持续的公用事业停电、高温和飓风尼古拉斯在飓风伊达后几周的残余所构成的复杂风险。虽然许多研究探讨了家庭应对自然和人为风险的保护行动决定，但在家庭同时面临灾害和复杂风险的情况下，对这一过程知之甚少。这一快速反应研究赠款(RAPID)合作项目的目的是审查在两个同时发生的事件：飓风艾达和正在进行的新冠肺炎大流行期间家庭保护行动的决定。通过在线、电话和邮件调查收集的具有时间敏感性的数据，并辅之以GPS/移动电话数据，将用于检查飓风艾达之前、期间和之后的家庭保护行动决策和流动模式。该项目的发现有望挽救生命，并将疏散和返程期间的压力降至最低。此外，这项研究的结果将有益于应急管理界和社会，因为与同时发生的灾害事件期间的保护行动决策有关的新知识可以帮助最大限度地提高安全和效率，协调和管理流离失所的居民的行动。关于一个人是疏散还是避难所、疏散到哪里以及灾难发生后何时返回的决策都需要考虑与风险、警告信息、家庭社会人口特征和可用资源有关的多种因素。虽然许多研究在单一危险情景的背景下审查了这些决定，但对于如何在同时发生的灾害事件中选择保护行动决定知之甚少。此外，在双重风险情景下，权衡的性质及其对决策的影响还没有得到很好的理解。这项研究的目标是收集短暂的数据，以检查在飓风艾达和正在进行的新冠肺炎大流行期间家庭的决策情况。通过提出保护行动决策模型，本研究将使用调查和GPS移动电话数据收集家庭数据，以帮助理解三个主要研究问题：1.家庭如何在同时发生的灾难中做出疏散、避难、灾后搬迁和返回-进入决策？2.什么因素影响疏散和返回-进入时间以及疏散目的地的选择？同样，影响就地避难决定的因素是什么？3.家庭在整个反应和短期恢复过程中采取的多重行动的性质是什么？该项目将推进与同时发生灾害事件期间的保护行动决策有关的理论，并对风险权衡如何影响这些决策提供重要的见解。具体地说，将通过以下途径产生新的知识：1)收集在飓风艾达和目前的新冠肺炎大流行期间家庭搬迁和采取的保护行动决策的短暂数据，以促进对这一动态过程的了解；2)记录在救灾和短期恢复阶段家庭搬迁到的地点，以及为什么选择这些地点，以及3)提供关于家庭在同时发生灾害时如何看待风险权衡的新见解。这项研究的结果将提供对家庭在应对灾害时的决策和行动的更细微的了解，并更好地洞察流离失所家庭在灾难期间和之后的经历。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Selecting protective actions in response to hurricane threats can be a challenging process for households. Adding to the complexity of this process are the risks stemming from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the compounding risks posed by lingering utility outages, high heat, and the remnants of Hurricane Nicholas in the weeks following Hurricane Ida. While many studies have examined protective action decisions of households in response to natural and human-induced risks, less is known about this process in instances where households face simultaneous disasters and compounding risks. The purpose of this Grants for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) collaborative project is to examine household protective action decisions during two simultaneous events: Hurricane Ida and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Time-sensitive data gathered through online, phone, and mail surveys and supplemented with GPS/mobile phone data will be used to examine household protective action decision-making and mobility patterns before, during, and after Hurricane Ida. The findings from this project are expected to save lives and minimize stress during evacuations and return trips. Additionally, the findings of the research will benefit the emergency management community and society as new knowledge related to protective action decisions during simultaneous hazard events can help maximize safety and efficiency in coordinating and managing the movements of displaced residents.Decisions pertaining to whether one evacuates or shelters, where to evacuate to, and when to return after a disaster all entail consideration of multiple factors related to risks, warning messages, household socio-demographic characteristics, and available resources. While numerous studies examine these decisions in the context of a single hazard scenario, very little is known as to how protective action decisions are selected during simultaneous disaster events. Furthermore, the nature of tradeoffs and their impact on decisions during dual risk scenarios are not well understood. The goal of this study is to collect ephemeral data to examine household decision-making during Hurricane Ida and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. By advancing the Protective Action Decision Model, this study will gather household data using surveys and GPS mobile phone data that will allow the understanding of three primary research questions: 1. How do households make evacuation, sheltering, post-event relocation and return-entry decisions during simultaneous disasters? 2. What factors influence evacuation and return-entry timing and the selection of evacuation destinations? Similarly, what factors influence shelter-in-place decisions? 3. What is the nature of the multiple movements undertaken by households throughout the response and short-term recovery process? This project will advance theory pertaining to protective action decision-making during simultaneous disaster events and provide important insights into how risk tradeoffs inform these decisions. Specifically, new knowledge will be generated through: 1) gathering ephemeral data of household movements and protective action decisions undertaken during Hurricane Ida and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in order to advance understanding of this dynamic process; 2) documenting locations household move to during the disaster response and short-term recovery phases and why these locations were selected, and 3) providing new insights into how households perceive the tradeoffs in risks when making decisions during simultaneous disasters. Findings from this study will offer a more nuanced understanding of household decisions and movements in response to disasters and provide better insight into the experiences of displaced households during and after disasters.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.