REMOVAL OF METALS FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCED WATER BY DOLOMITE

在美国，每年石油和天然气的生产都会产生超过8900亿桶的污染废水，通常被称为采出水（PW）。这种PW通常含有高浓度的盐（主要是氯化钠）和各种碱土金属、重金属和天然存在的放射性物质。这些污染物包括钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、钡（Ba）、锶（Sr）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）和镭（Ra）。这种高浓度的盐和有毒金属的组合使得PW的处理和再利用非常具有挑战性和昂贵。本项目的总体目标是探索利用低成本白云石过滤器去除高盐度PW中的有毒金属。建立在有前途的初步结果的结果，主要研究人员（PI）建议调查的机制和过程变量，控制去除有毒金属离子及其混合物从PW的白云石在一系列的水相盐度，温度和组合物。该项目的成功完成将通过产生基础知识来促进低成本白云石过滤技术的开发和实施，以从PW和其他高盐度废水中去除有毒金属，从而造福社会。将通过外联和教育活动，包括指导俄克拉荷马州州立大学的两名研究生和密苏里州科技大学的一名研究生，为社会带来更多的好处。在美国（US），每生产一桶石油，油气威尔斯井产生大约10加仑的水。这种采出水（PW）含有高浓度的盐和有毒金属，因此必须进行处理以使其能够再利用。然而，由于处理成本高，美国的大部分PW都是通过深层注入地下地层进行处置的，在地下地层中，PW可能会污染淡水资源和/或诱发地震。本项目的目标是研究使用钡（Ba）、锶（Sr）、砷（As）和镉（Cd）作为模型有毒金属离子，通过低成本白云石过滤器从模型PW中去除有毒金属及其混合物。为了推进这一目标，主要研究者（PI）建议围绕四个目标进行综合实验和建模研究计划。目的1将研究水相（PW）盐度，组成和温度对白云石去除有毒金属离子的影响，使用批处理和流动通过柱实验。目标2将评估白云石表面形态和组成的变化对有毒金属离子去除的影响，使用组合的成像和分析工具，包括扫描电子显微镜（SEM），X射线衍射（XRD），X射线荧光（XRF）光谱，和扩展X射线吸收精细结构（EXAFS）光谱。目的3将确定的内在稳定常数的有毒金属离子络合白云石在一系列的水相组成，盐度和温度使用的表面滴定和电动测量相结合。目标4将探索表面络合和反应传输模型的开发和验证，以模拟通过白云石过滤从PW中去除金属。这项研究的成功完成有可能通过产生新的基础知识和建模工具来推动白云石过滤的设计和实施，从而产生变革性的影响，白云石过滤是一种高效且具有成本效益的技术，可以从高盐度PW中去除有毒金属离子。为了实施该项目的教育和推广活动，PI计划将本研究的结果整合到俄克拉荷马州州立大学（OSU）和密苏里州科技大学（密苏里州ST）的现有和相关课程模块中。此外，PI建议利用各自机构的现有计划，从代表性不足的群体中招募研究生/本科生参与该项目，包括OSU的Louis Stokes少数民族参与联盟和密苏里州ST的夏季工程研究学院&。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的评估来支持影响审查标准。

In the United States, every year, the production of oil and gas generates more than 890 billion barrels of contaminated wastewater, commonly referred to as produced water (PW). This PW typically contains high concentrations of salts (predominantly sodium chloride) and a broad range of alkaline earth metals, heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials. These contaminants include calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and radium (Ra). This combination of high concentrations of salts and toxic metals makes the treatment and reuse of PW very challenging and costly. The overarching goal of this project is to explore the utilization of low-cost dolomite filters to remove toxic metals from high salinity PW. Building upon the results of promising preliminary results, the Principal Investigators (PIs) propose to investigate the mechanisms and process variables that control the removal of toxic metal ions and their mixtures from PW by dolomite over a range of aqueous phase salinity, temperature, and compositions. The successful completion of this project will benefit society through the generation of fundamental knowledge to advance the development and implementation of low-cost dolomite filtration technology to remove toxic metals from PW and other high-salinity waste streams. Additional benefits to society will be achieved through outreach and educational activities including the mentoring of two graduate students at Oklahoma State University and a graduate student at Missouri University of Science and Technology. Approximately, 10 gallons of water are generated by oil and gas wells for each barrel of oil produced in the United States (US). This produced water (PW) contains high concentrations of salts and toxic metals and therefore must be treated to enable its reuse. However, due to high treatment costs, most of the PW in the US is disposed of via deep injection into subsurface formations where it can potentially contaminate freshwater resources and/or induce seismicity. The goal of this project is to investigate the removal of toxic metals and their mixtures from model PW by lower-cost dolomite filters using barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) as model toxic metal ions. To advance this goal, the Principal Investigators (PIs) propose to carry out an integrated experimental and modeling research program structured around four objectives. Objective 1 will investigate the effects of aqueous phase (PW) salinity, composition, and temperature on toxic metal ion removal by dolomite using batch and flow through column experiments. Objective 2 will evaluate the effects of changes in dolomite surface morphology and composition on toxic metal ion removal using a combination of imaging and analytical tools including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Objective 3 will determine the intrinsic stability constants of toxic metal ion complexation with dolomite over a range of aqueous phase compositions, salinities, and temperatures using a combination of surface titration and electrokinetic measurements. Objective 4 will explore the development and validation of surface complexation and reactive transport models to simulate the removal of metals from PW by dolomite filtration. The successful completion of this research has the potential for transformative impact through the generation of new fundamental knowledge and modeling tools to advance the design and implementation of dolomite filtrations as an efficient and cost-effective technology to remove toxic metal ions from high salinity PW. To implement the education and outreach activities of the project, the PIs plan to integrate the findings from this research into existing and relevant course modules at both Oklahoma State University (OSU) and Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T). In addition, the PIs propose to leverage existing programs at their respective institutions to recruit graduate/undergraduate students from underrepresented groups to work on this project including the Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation at OSU and the Summer Engineering Research Academy at Missouri S&T.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.