Forms of Politicization of Humanitarian Aid in the European Union

人道主义援助处于危机状态，这需要捐助机构做出调整。越来越多的人成为人道主义灾难的受害者。但人道主义援助往往无法到达这些人手中。与此同时，人道主义组织在实地行动中面临诸多困境。捐助者对这些问题的反应各不相同。他们大多数都放弃了对人道主义原则的严格遵守。它们促进长期的结构性发展项目，与国家和军事组织进行更密切的合作，或规定接受援助的条款和条件。总之，它们顺应了人道主义援助政治化的趋势。然而，这一趋势究竟会带来什么，会带来什么后果，我们都不完全清楚。因此，我试图对人道主义援助政治化的含义进行概念化和操作化，以展示欧盟（EU）内部人道主义援助是如何政治化的。虽然政治化主要用于在实地开展工作的人道主义组织，但它对欧盟等机构的概念化和协调意味着什么就更加不清楚了。为了使这个术语概念化，我汇集了对政治化的两种理解：一种来自人道主义援助的背景，另一种来自国际机构的背景。然后，我提出如何在欧盟分析人道主义援助的政治化。因此，我将重点关注议程制定和政策制定的各个阶段，以及不同类型的行动者对欧盟内部和欧盟提供的人道主义援助进行反思的多利益攸关方进程。最后，我将分析最近一些具体的政治进程（框架伙伴关系协议的发展和危机管理和预防的综合方法），以便示范欧盟人道主义援助的政治化。我期望从这项研究中得到三个主要结果。(1)明确了人道主义援助政治化的含义，有助于对国际人道主义机构协调的实证研究。(2)它将欧盟定性为人道主义行动者。它进一步展示了人道主义援助的政策领域（作为欧盟外交和安全政策的一部分）如何超越政府间主义，包括更多的跨国行为者。(3)它允许对最近谈判的经验见解和对欧盟人道主义援助未来的反思。从长期来看，这些结果可能有助于更好地了解人道主义援助政治化的后果。

Humanitarian aid is in a state of crisis, which requires adaptations by donor institutions. More and more people fall victim to humanitarian disasters. But humanitarian aid often does not reach these people. At the same time, humanitarian organizations face many dilemmas in their on-site operation. Donors react to these problems differently. Most of them withdraw from a strict adherence to the humanitarian principles. They promote longer-term structural development projects, cooperate more closely with states and military organizations, or specify terms and conditions for receiving aid. In short, they follow the trend of the politicization of humanitarian aid. Yet, neither what this trend actually entails, nor what consequences it has, is fully clear. Therefore, I seek to conceptualize and operationalize what politicization of humanitarian aid means, in order to show how humanitarian aid is politicized within the European Union (EU). While politicization is mostly used in the context of humanitarian organizations operating in the field, it is even more unclear what it means for rather conceptualizing and coordinating institutions like the EU. To conceptualize the term I bring together two understandings of politicization: one from the context of humanitarian aid and the other from the context of international institutions. I then propose how the politicization of humanitarian aid should be analyzed in the EU. I thereby focus on the phases of agenda-building and policy formulation as much as on multi-stakeholder processes in which different kinds of actors reflect on humanitarian aid in and by the EU. Finally, I will analyze some concrete recent political processes (development of the Framework Partnership Agreements and the Comprehensive Approach of Crisis management and -prevention), in order to exemplary demonstrate the politicization of humanitarian aid in the EU. I expect three major results from the study. (1) It clarifies what politicization of humanitarian aid means and makes it useful for empirical research on coordinating international humanitarian institutions. (2) It characterizes the EU as humanitarian actor. It further shows how the policy field of humanitarian aid (as part of the EUs Foreign and Security Policy) moves beyond intergovernmentalism, including more transnational actors. (3) It allows for empirical insights into recent negotiations and reflections on the future of humanitarian aid in the EU. In the longer term, these results may contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of the politicization of humanitarian aid.