Exploring annually laminated lake sediments for solar activity reconstructions and Sun-climate studies

气候变率的太阳强迫是气候研究中最有争议的话题之一。例如，上个世纪的全球变暖是在温室气体排放增加和太阳活动高度活跃的背景下发生的，而自1998年以来出现的意想不到的温度稳定期与太阳活动减少的趋势相吻合。因此，更好地了解太阳在气候变化中的作用对于预测未来气候发展至关重要。基于卫星的太阳活动记录太短，无法涵盖现有的太阳变化的全部范围，也无法区分人为和自然对气候系统的影响。古气候和太阳重建可以提供解决这个问题的关键。然而，在现有的太阳强迫记录宇宙成因的放射性核素10 Be在冰芯和14 C在树木年轮和缺乏足够长的时间和良好的解决与精确的年表古气候时间序列的不确定性阻碍了这样的研究到目前为止。因此，为了更好地了解太阳变化对气候变化的作用，有必要探索新的方法来补充现有的太阳活动记录，并研究太阳强迫和气候响应之间的相对时间几乎没有不确定性的太阳-气候联系。基本上未经探索和现有的初步记录含有偏见，可以通过应用最新的分析技术加以纠正。据推测，10 Be含量在沉积物中精心挑选的湖泊反映了太阳能引起的大气生产信号。该提案的主要科学目标是（1）探索中欧Czechowski湖和Tiefer湖的纹状沉积物记录中10 Be作为新型太阳活动代理的潜力，补充现有的冰芯中10 Be和树木年轮中14 C的太阳活动估计，以及（2）测试太阳对气候影响的假设。为了达到所概述的目标，该提案将首次整合精确日期和每年解决的10 Be时间序列，从varved湖泊沉积物档案和预期的太阳活动代理数据的验证，通过校准仪器太阳活动和气象记录以及现场监测。将前所未有的太阳活动数据与来自相同湖泊的现有古气候代理数据进行比较，将使我们能够在没有时间尺度不确定性的情况下研究潜在的太阳-气候联系和相关的反馈机制。同步预期的太阳活动和古气候记录从湖Czechowski和Tiefer看到那些从极地冰芯和树木年轮使用10 Be和14 C将为我们提供洞察到气候系统的领先和滞后及其可能的关系，太阳活动在全球范围内。

Solar forcing of climate variability is one of the most controversially discussed topics in climate research. For example, global warming during the last century occurred in the context of increasing greenhouse gas emission and high levels of solar activity, while the unexpected temperature plateau since 1998 coincides with a decreasing trend in solar activity. Therefore, improved knowledge of the role of the Sun in climate change is essential for projecting future climate developments. The satellite-based records of solar activity are too short to cover the full range of available solar variations and distinguish anthropogenic from natural effects on the climate system. Paleoclimate and solar reconstructions can provide a key to address this problem. However, uncertainties in available solar forcing records from cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be in ice cores and 14C in tree rings and a lack of sufficiently long and well-resolved paleoclimate time-series with precise chronologies hamper such studies so far. Therefore, for better understanding the role of solar variations on climate change it is necessary to explore new ways to complement existing solar activity records and study solar-climate linkages with virtually no uncertainties in the relative timing between solar forcing and climate responses.The potential of 10Be in annually laminated (varved) lake sediments for solar activity reconstruction is, to date, largely unexplored and existing preliminary records contain biases that can be corrected for by applying the latest analytical techniques. It is hypothesized that 10Be contents in sediments from well-chosen lakes reflect the solar induced atmospheric production signal. Main scientific objectives of this proposal are to (1) explore the potential of 10Be in the varved sediment records of Central European Lakes Czechowski and Tiefer See as new type of solar activity proxy, complement existing solar activity estimates from 10Be in ice cores and 14C in tree rings, and (2) test the hypothesis of a solar influence on climate. To reach the outlined objectives this proposal will, for the first time, integrate precisely dated and up to annually resolved 10Be time-series from varved lake sediment archives and verification of the expected solar activity proxy data by calibration against instrumental solar activity and meteorological records as well as onsite monitoring. Comparison of the unprecedented solar activity data with existing paleoclimate proxy data from the same lakes will allow us to investigate potential solar-climate links and related feedback mechanisms, without time-scale uncertainties. Synchronizing the expected solar activity and paleoclimate records from Lakes Czechowski and Tiefer See to those from polar ice cores and tree rings using 10Be and 14C will provide us insights into leads and lags of the climate system and their possible relation to solar activity worldwide.