Between Aryanization and Deportation. Survival Strategies of the Jewish Community in Occupied Belgium during World War II

在雅利安化和驱逐之间。

• 批准号: 256469375
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Ahlrich Meyer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2013-12-31 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/256469375?language=en
• 关键词: Between; Aryanization; Deportation.; Survival; Strategies

Our project aims to further examine the correlation between the economic persecution of Jews (Aryanization) and the Holocaust in Western Europe. Although the subjects of spoliation and restitution have been broadly researched in the last decades, there are as yet no historical studies on two central questions: 1. What survival strategies did the Jews develop, having been deprived of their livelihoods? 2. Did the destruction of their means of existence increase the risk of being deported to Auschwitz? Our research concentrates on the situation in occupied Belgium. We will thereby also follow up on our long-term previous work on the Holocaust in Western Europe. The German military administration in Belgium only partly enforced the expropriation of Jewish wealth. But it consequently aimed at excluding Jews from the Belgian economy. The vast majority of Jews living in Belgium were immigrants, mostly coming from Eastern Europe after World War I. They had built up an economy predominantly based on small family businesses. This economy was destroyed by the occupying power. In the spring of 1942, more than 80 % of the overall 7.700 registered Jewish companies had been shut down. The liquidization concentrated on the textile, leather and fur sectors as well as on diamonds. This kind of Aryanization was characterised above all by its devastating effect on the lower social classes. It deprived at least one third of the Jewish community of its livelihoods. The liquidization of Jewish companies was closely correlated to the deportation to Auschwitz. 42 % of the Jews registered in Belgium fell victim to the Holocaust. Were the Jews facing forced liquidization in particular danger? How did the former owners and employees of companies as well as their families react to the ruination of their economic existence? How did they make their living? Did they get arrested and deported because they lacked the financial means to escape into the underground? Or did the survival of the Jews not depend on material means? The project is primarily based on newly inventoried files in the State Archives in Belgium, which have not yet been considered by research. These are files from the former Brüsseler Treuhandgesellschaft (BTG), which was operated by the German military administration in Belgium and which played a key role in the Aryanization. The analysis of these records promises to considerably widen our knowledge of both the economic and social history of the Jewish community in Belgium as well as of the economic aspects of the persecution of the Jews.

我们的项目旨在进一步研究对犹太人的经济迫害（雅利安化）和西欧大屠杀之间的相关性。虽然在过去的几十年里，掠夺和归还的主题得到了广泛的研究，但迄今为止还没有对两个中心问题进行历史研究：1。在被剥夺了生计之后，犹太人制定了什么样的生存策略？2.他们生存手段的破坏是否增加了被驱逐到奥斯威辛的风险？我们的研究集中在被占领的比利时的情况。因此，我们还将继续我们以前长期开展的关于西欧大屠杀的工作。德国在比利时的军事管理当局只是部分地没收了犹太人的财富。但它的目的是将犹太人排除在比利时经济之外。生活在比利时的绝大多数犹太人是移民，大多数是第一次世界大战后来自东欧。他们建立了一个主要以小型家庭企业为基础的经济。这种经济被占领国摧毁。1942年春，7700家注册的犹太公司中有80%以上被关闭。变现集中在纺织、皮革和毛皮部门以及钻石。这种雅利安化的特点首先是它对社会下层的破坏性影响。它剥夺了至少三分之一的犹太社区的生计。犹太公司的清算与被驱逐到奥斯威辛集中营密切相关。42%在比利时登记的犹太人成为大屠杀的受害者。犹太人面临强制清算是否特别危险？公司的前所有者和雇员以及他们的家人对他们的经济存在的毁灭有何反应？他们是如何谋生的？他们被逮捕和驱逐出境是因为他们缺乏经济手段逃进地下组织吗？难道犹太人的生存不依赖于物质手段吗？该项目主要以比利时国家档案馆新清点的档案为基础，这些档案尚未经过研究。这些文件来自前Brüsseler Treuhandgesellschaft（BTG），该公司由德国驻比利时军事管理局运营，在雅利安化中发挥了关键作用。对这些记录的分析有望大大拓宽我们对比利时犹太社区的经济和社会历史以及迫害犹太人的经济方面的了解。