Collaborative Research: RAPID: A novel magnetometer network to capture the ongoing inflationary episode at Askja volcano, Iceland

美国和世界各地有数百万人生活在火山风险高的地区。通过持续、高质量地监测火山活动的任何变化或即将爆发的迹象，可以更好地理解和减少这些风险。但这些工具在后勤上很难到位，维护起来也很昂贵。这个团队将测试磁场测量是否可以提供有关火山喷发前活动的有用信息。他们还将测试所需的仪器是否可以用廉价的部件制造。如果磁性测量被证明是一种合理的替代更昂贵的技术，那么民防当局准备火山爆发的能力将大大提高。这些数据还可用于告知其他仪器应放置在何处，从而提高现有仪器网络的有效性。除了使美国受益外，这种技术的低成本性质还可以使其他火山风险高的国家（菲律宾，墨西哥等）受益。该项目的成功可以为所有人带来高质量的火山风险缓解。作为该项目的一部分收集的所有数据将尽快公开。位于冰岛北方火山区的Askja火山上一次喷发是在1961年，当时有一个0.7公里长的裂缝开口，并释放出500米高的熔岩喷泉。在其间的几十年里，形成破火山口的火山继续以衰减的速度收缩。2021年8月，这一趋势迅速逆转，Askja开始再膨胀，在膨胀中心观察到超过0. 5米的隆起。现有的干涉合成孔径雷达和全球导航卫星系统定位数据的大地测量建模显示，一个浅的窗台状岩浆源可以解释所观察到的变形，但岩浆的确切来源仍然不清楚。对最近一些火山爆发的建模表明，岩浆地下分布的变化可以在地表的局部磁场中产生可测量的变化，但是很少或没有数据集可以原位捕获这些事件，使得建模方法难以验证。在该项目中，将在Askja及其周围安装一个被动磁力计活动网络，以捕捉由于岩浆持续流入浅地壳而导致的当地磁场变化。有了这些数据，reearchers将确定这种网络在火山系统中的价值，同时也为结合联合收割机同步重力测量和连续GNSS定位观测的模型提供额外的限制。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

Millions of people in the United States and around the world live in areas with high volcanic risk. These risks can be better understood and also lessened with continuous, high-quality monitoring of volcanoes for any changes in activity or signs of imminent eruption. But these tools are logistically difficult to put in place and are expensive to maintain. This team will test if magnetic measurements can provide useful information about volcanic activity before eruption. They will also test whether the instruments needed can be built with inexpensive components. If magnetic measurements prove to be a reasonable alternative to more expensive techniques, then the capacity of civil defense authorities to prepare for volcanic eruptions will be greatly improved. The data can also be used to inform where other instruments should be placed, increasing the effectiveness of existing instrument networks. In addition to benefiting the United States, the low-cost nature of this technique could benefit other nations with high volcanic risk (Philippines, Mexico, etc.). The success of this project could bring high-quality volcanic risk-mitigation to all. All data collected as part of this project will be made publicly available as soon as possible.Askja volcano—situated in Iceland’s Northern Volcanic Zone—last erupted in 1961, with a 0.7 km-long fissure opening and releasing 500 m-high lava fountains. In the intervening decades, the caldera-forming volcano has continued to deflate at a decaying rate. In August 2021, this trend rapidly reversed and Askja began to reinflate, with over 0.5 m of uplift observed at the center of inflation. Geodetic modeling of the available InSAR and GNSS positioning data has revealed a shallow sill-like magmatic source can explain the observed deformation, but the exact origin of the magma remains unclear. Modeling of a number of recent eruptions has shown that changes in the subsurface distribution of magma can produce a measurable change in the local magnetic field at the surface, but there are few to no datasets that capture such events in-situ making the modeling approach difficult to validate. In this project, a campaign network of passive magnetometers will be installed in and around Askja to capture the changes in the local magnetic field due to the continued influx of magma into the shallow crust. With these data reearchers will establish the value of such networks in volcanic systems, while also providing additional constraints for models that combine concurrent gravity surveys and continuous GNSS positioning observations.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.