Collaborative Research: RAPID: A novel magnetometer network to capture the ongoing inflationary episode at Askja volcano, Iceland

美国和世界各地有数百万人生活在火山爆发风险高的地区。通过对火山活动的任何变化或即将喷发的迹象进行持续、高质量的监测，可以更好地了解和减少这些风险。但这些工具在后勤上很难到位，维护成本也很高。这个小组将测试磁场测量是否能在火山爆发前提供有关火山活动的有用信息。他们还将测试所需的仪器是否可以用廉价的部件制造。如果磁测量被证明是比更昂贵的技术更合理的替代办法，那么民防当局防备火山爆发的能力将大大提高。这些数据还可用于通知其他仪器应放置的位置，从而提高现有仪器网络的有效性。除了使美国受益外，这项技术的低成本特性还可以使其他火山风险高的国家（菲律宾、墨西哥等）受益。该项目的成功将为所有人带来高质量的火山风险缓解。作为该项目的一部分收集的所有数据将尽快公开。Askja火山位于冰岛北部火山区，上一次喷发是在1961年，当时出现了一条0.7公里长的裂缝，并释放出500米高的熔岩喷泉。在这中间的几十年里，形成火山口的火山继续以衰减的速度收缩。2021年8月，这一趋势迅速逆转，Askja开始重新膨胀，在膨胀中心观察到超过0.5米的隆起。对现有InSAR和GNSS定位数据的大地测量模型显示，一个浅层岩状岩浆源可以解释观测到的变形，但岩浆的确切来源尚不清楚。对最近几次火山喷发的建模表明，地下岩浆分布的变化可以产生地表局部磁场的可测量变化，但很少或根本没有数据集可以捕捉到这些事件，这使得建模方法难以验证。在这个项目中，一个由被动磁力计组成的运动网络将被安装在Askja及其周围，以捕捉由于岩浆持续涌入浅层地壳而导致的当地磁场变化。有了这些数据，研究人员将在火山系统中建立这种网络的价值，同时也为结合同步重力测量和连续GNSS定位观测的模型提供额外的约束。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Millions of people in the United States and around the world live in areas with high volcanic risk. These risks can be better understood and also lessened with continuous, high-quality monitoring of volcanoes for any changes in activity or signs of imminent eruption. But these tools are logistically difficult to put in place and are expensive to maintain. This team will test if magnetic measurements can provide useful information about volcanic activity before eruption. They will also test whether the instruments needed can be built with inexpensive components. If magnetic measurements prove to be a reasonable alternative to more expensive techniques, then the capacity of civil defense authorities to prepare for volcanic eruptions will be greatly improved. The data can also be used to inform where other instruments should be placed, increasing the effectiveness of existing instrument networks. In addition to benefiting the United States, the low-cost nature of this technique could benefit other nations with high volcanic risk (Philippines, Mexico, etc.). The success of this project could bring high-quality volcanic risk-mitigation to all. All data collected as part of this project will be made publicly available as soon as possible.Askja volcano—situated in Iceland’s Northern Volcanic Zone—last erupted in 1961, with a 0.7 km-long fissure opening and releasing 500 m-high lava fountains. In the intervening decades, the caldera-forming volcano has continued to deflate at a decaying rate. In August 2021, this trend rapidly reversed and Askja began to reinflate, with over 0.5 m of uplift observed at the center of inflation. Geodetic modeling of the available InSAR and GNSS positioning data has revealed a shallow sill-like magmatic source can explain the observed deformation, but the exact origin of the magma remains unclear. Modeling of a number of recent eruptions has shown that changes in the subsurface distribution of magma can produce a measurable change in the local magnetic field at the surface, but there are few to no datasets that capture such events in-situ making the modeling approach difficult to validate. In this project, a campaign network of passive magnetometers will be installed in and around Askja to capture the changes in the local magnetic field due to the continued influx of magma into the shallow crust. With these data reearchers will establish the value of such networks in volcanic systems, while also providing additional constraints for models that combine concurrent gravity surveys and continuous GNSS positioning observations.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.