Paleobiodiversity and community structures of Lagerstätten during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age and the response of the marine benthic invertebrate fauna to global cooling

古生物多样性的研究已成为越来越多的兴趣和众多的手稿已出版处理全球多样性的趋势，在整个中生代。然而，这些研究中使用的数据大多来自可能包含各种偏倚的数据库，因此扭曲了统计分析。此外，尽管保存质量和信息质量比其他矿床好得多，但化石通常被排除在外--来自拉格斯塔滕的化石组合在很大程度上反映了以前生物群落的组成。其中之一是晚古生代冰期（LPIA），其主要开始于密西西比世中晚期（下石炭纪），结束于萨克马里安中期（二叠纪）。该项目侧重于上石炭世（宾夕法尼亚）的古生物多样性，即在LPIA的大部分时间。不是纯粹使用数据库中的信息，而是对三种化石Lagerstätten（这里Lagerstätten用于保存异常完好的动物群;例如原始贝壳材料，颜色图案，精致的装饰，微小的幼虫贝壳）进行采样。这些地区在LPIA期间受到冰川-海平面变化的影响，并且是来自美国中部大陆的Finis页岩（澳大利亚）和Buckhorn沥青采石场（Desmoinesian）和阿巴拉契亚盆地，肯德里克页岩（莫罗万）该项目的一个目标是研究异常保存的化石沉积物中真正的生物多样性和生态结构，因为这些沉积物描绘了一个更复杂的生态系统。完整的原始化石组合的图像比其他地方。Stanley & Powell（2003）发现，在宾夕法尼亚纪，起源和灭绝的速度都很低，全球生物多样性保持相对稳定，而Alroy等人（2008）发现这一时期的生物多样性普遍下降。因此，作为第二个目标，将检验这些以前的结果是否也在宾夕法尼亚州的拉格斯塔滕可见：我们是否也看到了起源和灭绝率下降或生物多样性下降，或者斯坦利和鲍威尔（2003）和阿尔罗伊等人（2008）提出的结果是由他们的数据中的偏见造成的，例如保存质量较低的动物群？此外，还将通过分析石炭纪-二叠纪动物群的更替来研究多样性动态。哪一个类群控制着双孢菌？将调查每个剖面内的当地海洋古温度。将对菲尼斯页岩、巴克霍恩沥青采石场和肯德里克页岩进行同位素分析。温度和生物多样性将相互关联，以揭示在LPIA期间温度和生物多样性的关系，以回答“生活环境如何对全球变冷做出反应？”'.

Paleo-biodiversity studies have become of increasing interest and numerous manuscripts have been published dealing with global diversity trends throughout the Phanerozoic. However, data used in these studies mostly derive from databases that may contain various biases and therefore distort statistical analysis. Moreover, Fossil Lagerstätten are commonly excluded although the quality of preservation and information is much better than in other deposits - fossil assemblages from Lagerstätten reflect the composition of former living communities to a much higher degree.The Phanerozoic is marked by two long-term cooling events. One of these is the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) with its major onset in the middle to late Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) and ending in the mid-Sakmarian (Permian). This project focuses on the paleo-biodiversity during the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), i.e. during a large part of the LPIA. Instead of purely using information from databases three fossil Lagerstätten (here Lagerstätten is used in terms of exceptionally preserved fauna; e.g. original shell material, color patterns, delicate ornamentation, minute larval shells) are sampled. These localities were influenced by the glacio-eustatic regime during the LPIA and are, from the American Midcontinent, the Finis Shale (Virgilian) and the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry (Desmoinesian) and, from the Appalachian Basin, the Kendrick Shale (Morrowan).One objective of this project is to study true biodiversities and ecological structures within deposits of exceptionally preserved fossils based on the fact that such deposits depict a more complete image of the original fossil assemblage than other localities. Stanley & Powell (2003) found that during the Pennsylvanian the rates of origination and extinction were depressed and that the global biodiversity remained relatively stable, whereas Alroy et al. (2008) found a general decrease in this period. Therefore, as the second objective, it will be tested if these previous results are visible in Lagerstätten from the Pennsylvanian as well: Do we also see depressed origination and extinction rates or decreasing biodiversity or are the results presented by Stanley & Powell (2003) and Alroy et al. (2008) caused by biases in their data, as for example by faunas of less quality of preservation? Furthermore, diversity dynamics will be studied by analyzing the Carboniferous-Permian faunal turnover. Which taxa control the diversities? The local marine paleo-temperatures within each profile will be investigated. Isotope-analyses will be carried out for the Finis Shale, the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, and the Kendrick Shale. Temperature and diversity will be cross correlated to shed light on the relation of temperature and biodiversity during the LPIA to answer the question 'How does the living environment react to global cooling?'.