The Commercial Jurisdiction of Nuremberg. Early Modern Merchant’s Legal Opinions, Legal Practices and their contribution to the development of the Normativity of Commercial Law

纽伦堡商事管辖权的档案收集迄今在很大程度上没有法律历史方面的研究，应根据其所谓的Parere进行评估。总而言之，对这些法律意见的实证分析，无论是非程序性的，还是来自法律程序的，都将有助于理解前现代商业和法律的历史。特别是，应该对德国国内法和采用的罗马法之间的关系有新的见解，以便找到现代乌苏斯的核心问题之一的答案。特别是商业纠纷一般适合于区别于以前的调查结果，因为它们主要是成文法的规定和习惯做法，例如关于理论判例在多大程度上实际适用的问题。法律意见可告知如何以及在多大程度上平等地实施、发展和传播法律概念，特别是习惯概念。自19世纪以来，在研究中一直要求对所谓的Parere进行系统的审查，因为这些专家意见在所有相关的欧洲贸易中心中流传，对于理解早期许多贸易中心建立的特殊商业管辖权是基本的。此外，还需要调查的问题是，地方管辖权作为一个整体是否通过Parere的国家意义而解放了自己。最后，法律历史学家对商人法的讨论也将获得新的动力。需要澄清的是，Parere是否产生了一部超越具体情况的商法，因为法律意见一方面主要是由商人为商人起草的，另一方面，他们可能也被征询意见，以就其适用的具体案件以外的类似案件作出决定。

The file collection of the commercial jurisdiction of Nuremberg, so far largely unresearched in terms of legal history, shall be evaluated with regard to its so called parere. All in all, the empirical analysis of those Legal opinions, furnished non-procedural or arised from legal proceedings, shall contribute to the understanding of pre-modern history of commerce and law. In particular, new insights into the relationship between domestic German law and adopted Roman law shall be gained in order to find answers to one of the central problems of usus modernus. Especially commercial disputes are generally suited to distinguish themselves from the previous findings due to their underlying primarily statutory regulations and customary practices, for example with respect to the question to what extent theoretical jurisprudence was actually applied.Legal opinions can inform about how and to what extent legal concepts, especially customary ones, were equally implemented, developed and spread. A systematic examination of the so-called Parere has been requested in research since the 19th century, because these expert opinions circulated among all relevant European trade centres and are fundamental for understanding the special commercial jurisdiction established in many trade centres in early modern times.Furthermore, the question is to be investigated whether the local jurisdiction as a whole emancipated itself through the national significance of the Parere. Finally, the discussion on a lex mercatoria by legal historians shall also gain new impetus. It is to be clarified whether a commercial law beyond particulars emerged from the Parere, because the legal opinions had on the one hand primarily been drawn up by merchants for merchants, and on the other hand they were presumably also consulted for decisions on similar cases beyond the concrete case to which they applied.