Geophysical exploration of Location and course of the Herodian city wall under the present-day Christian quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem: Confirmation of a new hypothesis

该项目的考古目标是通过确认耶路撒冷城墙的存在，结束长达150年的对希律大帝时期耶路撒冷城墙的不成功的搜索，从而允许重建其正确的位置和安排。这座被犹太历史学家约瑟夫斯·弗拉维乌斯称为“第二堵墙”的建筑多次引起争议，它对从希律王朝时期到公元70年8月耶路撒冷被毁的历史地形至关重要。希律城扩张的问题也对耶路撒冷的犹太和基督教地形（希律城和弗拉维乌斯·约瑟夫斯的描述）的重建产生了严重的影响，特别是对新约中描述的苦路和钉十字架的地方各各他的定位。由于所有权争议、完全城市化和联合国教科文组织的限制，耶路撒冷面临着极其强烈的勘探限制，几十年来激烈讨论的耶路撒冷城市发展关键问题必须通过探地雷达（GPR）地球物理勘探来解决。为此，在30…200兆赫使用，以确保良好的穿透土壤，同时实现良好的距离分辨率。因此，为了满足城市测量环境（天线尺寸、无线电通信干扰）的限制，必须实施新的探地雷达概念。该任务的特殊挑战是测量条件的不寻常和电磁波传播条件的复杂。这是由于房屋密度和测试区域的空间限制造成的。最初的假设是基于这样一个事实，即这堵墙位于救世主教堂下面的一个挖掘地点附近。这一假设尚未得到证实。另一方面，已经在耶路撒冷市区进行的探地雷达测量提供了新的迹象，表明墙壁的路线略有改变。这必须通过进一步的测量来证实。为此目的，勘探区域相应扩大，现在也必须将具有阶梯状结构的小巷纳入调查范围。狭窄的街道、阶梯式道路和污水系统是探地雷达测量的主要挑战。这需要考虑到一个新的设备概念和各种扫描方法。gpr装置的原理主要基于超宽带伪噪声技术与“大电流辐射器”概念的结合。它使发射天线的有效馈电是非常紧凑的尺寸。

The archaeological goal of the project is to close a 150 year period of unsuccessful search of the city wall of Jerusalem from the time of Herod the Great by confirming its existence and thus to permit the reconstruct of its correct location and arrangement. The many times controversial discussed course of the building – referred to as the "Second Wall" by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius – is of paramount importance for the historical topography of Jerusalem from the Herodian period until the destruction of the city in August 70 AD. The question of the Herodian city expansion also has a serious impact on the reconstruction of the Jewish and Christian topography of Jerusalem (Herodian city and descriptions of Flavius Josephus), especially on the localization of the Via Dolorosa described in the New Testament and the crucifixion place Golgotha.In face of the extremely strong exploration restrictions in Jerusalem due to disputed ownership, complete urbanization and UNESCO constraints, the intensely over decades discussed key question on Urban Development of Jerusalem has to be solved by geophysical prospection via Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). For this purpose, sounding waves in the frequency band of 30 ... 200 MHz are used to ensure good penetration into the soil while simultaneously achieving good distance resolution. Therefore a new GPR concept has to be implemented in order to meet the limitations through the urban measurement environment (antenna size, interference with radio communication).The special challenge of the task is the unusual measuring conditions and the complex propagation conditions of the electromagnetic sounding waves. These result both from the housing density and the spatial limitations of the test area. An original assumption was based on the fact that the wall was located near an excavation site below the Church of the Redeemer. This assumption has not yet been confirmed. On the other hand, the already performed GPR measurements in the urban area of Jerusalem have given new indications for a slightly modified wall course. This must be confirmed by further measurements. For this purpose, the exploration area is expanded correspondingly so that now also alleys with a stairs-like structure have to be included in the investigations. The narrowness of the streets, their stepped course and the sewage system are major challenges for a GPR measurement. This is to be taken into account with a novel device concept and various scanning methods. The principle of the GPR-device is primarily based on a combination of ultra-wideband pseudo-noise technology with the concept of "Large Current Radiator". It enables an efficient feeding of the transmitting antenna which is of very compact size.