The Role of the Ecology in Evaluative Conditioning: Towards a Comprehensive Conceptualization of Preparedness

生态学在评价性调节中的作用：走向全面的准备概念

• 批准号: 268224874
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Mandy Hütter
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Juniorprofessor Allgemeine Psychologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Independent Junior Research Groups
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2014-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/268224874?language=en
• 关键词: Role; Ecology; Evaluative; Conditioning; Towards

Evaluative conditioning (EC) constitutes an established social-cognitive research paradigm developed for the investigation of the incidental acquisition of attitudes. The EC effect consists in an evaluative change in a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is due to its mere pairing with a valent, unconditioned stimulus (US). As a simple and highly effective learning phenomenon, EC has been regarded as largely stimulus-driven. That is, the stimulus pairings are assumed to constitute the primary determinants of the CS evaluation. Contextual influences that may moderate this relationship have received little attention in theories and investigations of EC. To fill this gap, the present project draws on the concept of preparedness that proposes an influence of the incentives structure of the ecology on a related learning phenomenon, classical conditioning. In contrast to earlier conceptualizations, the concept of preparedness is exempted from its evolutionary-biological connotation. It rather specifies the general readiness of the individual to process certain information or to process information in a certain way instigated by characteristics of the ecology. The work program focuses on flexible, near-term effects of the ecology. The different aspects of the work program have in common that they instigate preparedness that manifests itself in attentional biases, encoding schemes, processing styles, and expectancies that shape the micro-genetic construction of stimuli and stimulus relations present in EC. The predicted effects derived from the revised concept of preparedness go beyond an influence on the direction and magnitude of the EC effects. First, it is proposed that the ecology also affects whether the acquisition process is characterized by features of automaticity demanding the orthogonal investigation of contextual influences on EC and its characterization by features of automaticity. Automaticity features of acquisition processes are assessed by validated stochastic models as a function of situational variables. A second novel aspect of this project concerns the conditions in the environment under which individuals tend to acquire generalized evaluations (e.g. of a social group) as opposed to individualized evaluations. The research paradigm utilized to achieve this goal was developed to assess the level of learning in terms of concrete versus abstract construal of the CSs and the ease with which those attitudes generalize to novel stimuli.In summary, the proposed conceptualization of preparedness and its application to the study of attitude acquisition via EC create a number of novel predictions that challenge and advance present accounts of EC and demand the clarification of the concept of automaticity. Moreover, the present research has important theoretical and practical implications for the acquisition of generalized evaluations.

评价性条件反射是研究态度附带习得的一种社会认知研究范式。EC效应在于条件刺激（CS）的评价性变化，这是由于其仅仅与有价非条件刺激（US）配对。作为一种简单而高效的学习现象，电子商务一直被认为主要是刺激驱动的。也就是说，刺激配对被假定为构成CS评价的主要决定因素。语境的影响，可能会缓和这种关系，很少受到关注的理论和调查的EC。为了填补这一空白，本项目借鉴了准备的概念，提出了相关的学习现象，经典条件反射的生态激励结构的影响。与早期的概念化不同，防备的概念不包含其进化生物学内涵。它更确切地说，是指个体在处理某些信息或以某种方式处理信息时的一般准备状态，而这种处理方式是由生态学的特征所激发的。该工作计划侧重于生态的灵活，短期影响。工作计划的不同方面有一个共同点，即它们激发准备，表现在注意力偏差，编码方案，处理方式和期望，塑造了EC中存在的刺激和刺激关系的微观遗传结构。从订正的备灾概念得出的预测影响超出了对欧共体影响的方向和程度的影响。 首先，它提出的生态也影响是否收购过程的特点是自动性要求的正交调查的上下文对EC的影响及其表征的自动性的功能。自动化功能的收购过程中进行了评估，作为一个功能的情景变量的验证随机模型。这个项目的第二个新的方面涉及的环境条件下，个人往往获得普遍的评价（如社会群体），而不是个性化的评价。用于实现这一目标的研究范式被开发来评估学习水平，包括CS的具体与抽象概念以及这些态度推广到新刺激的难易程度。所提出的准备状态的概念化及其在通过电子商务获得态度的研究中的应用创造了许多新的预测，这些预测挑战和推进了目前对电子商务的解释，并要求对自动性概念的澄清。此外，本研究对获得广义评价具有重要的理论和实践意义。