The evolutionary history of Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Central Europe: Population and phylogenomics of a cold relic in a warming world

在中欧的进化历史的Coquitaria（菊科）：人口和基因组学的寒冷遗迹在一个温暖的世界Coquitaria属代表一个孤立的进化谱系，从它的地中海姐妹分支在中新世，因为没有经历任何重大的物种形成，直到更新世冰期和冰消期周期。在更新世期间，大约有20个类群进化，其中大多数物种与寒冷的栖息地密切相关。出现了不同倍性水平的类似生态和表型，几乎没有分布在整个欧洲和北极圈。一个物种亚组主要分布在沿着地区，另一个物种亚组主要分布在山区和高海拔地区。拟议的项目旨在以高分辨率的空间和时间尺度揭示各种物种、亚种和细胞型的进化历史。由此产生的进化-系统框架将为研究特别是关于平行进化和适应寒冷环境及其各自特点和生境类型（例如基岩类型、海拔等）的假设奠定基础。该研究系统提供了很好的机会，研究密切相关的性状和字符，因为各种自然发生的物种对显然，至少在地理上，彼此分离。本文使用的数据主要基于下一代测序数据，利用来自所有三种植物基因组（核、质体、线粒体）的信息。这些数据将不仅允许高分辨率的分析，但也将提供第一次访问数以千计的基因和locites.The属COESTARIA也应该朝着一个系统的研究在未来的分子（基因组）-冷适应的进化签名。为此目的，西地中海姐妹群Ionopsidium在概念上进行了整合，以扩大和刺激未来的研究。

The evolutionary history of Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Central Europe: Population- and phylogenomics of a cold relic in a warming worldThe genus Cochlearia represents an isolated evolutionary lineage that diverged from its Mediterranean sister clade during the Miocene and since that did not underwent any significant speciation until Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles. During the Pleistocene approximately 20 taxa evolved, with most of the species closely associated with cold-characterized habitats. Similar eco- and phenotypes of varying ploidy levels emerged and are scarcely distributed all over Europe and the Circumarctic. One sub-group of species is occurring mostly along coastal lines and a second sub-group is highly restricted to mountain and high elevation/altitude regions. The proposed project aims to unravel the evolutionary history of the various species, subspecies and cytotypes on a high-resolution-scale in space and time. The resulting evolutionary-systematic framework will lay the ground to study in particular hypotheses on parallel evolution and adaptation to cold environments with its respective characteristics and types of habitats (e.g. bedrock types, elevation, etc.). The Cochlearia study system provides the great opportunity to study closely linked traits and characters, because of various naturally occurring species pairs which are obviously, at least geographically, separated from each other. This will allow to study and test explicitly parallel evolution and adaptation.The data used herein are mostly based on next-generation-sequencing data utilizing information from all three plant genomes (nuclear, plastid, mitochondrial). These data will not only allow high-resolution analysis, but will also provide first access to thousands of genes and loci.The genus Cochlearia should be also developed towards a system to study in future molecular(genomic)-evolutionary signatures of cold adaptation. For this purposes the western Mediterranean sistergroup Ionopsidium is conceptually integrated to expand and stimulate future research accordingly.