Suffer, Reinterpret, Conceal and Forget. Defeats and losses as phenomena of an 'expanded military history' of the Roman Imperial Period

该项目将失败和损失作为罗马帝国时期（1 - 3世纪）扩展军事史的现象进行研究。在这一过程中，首先要从理论上对“失败”一词作出明确的界定，然后将其与军事史的延伸形式相联系，即从文化史的角度来看待军事史现象。从手头的资料（文学、金石学、考古学资料）出发，概念模型或理论将被发展或推导。具体来说，这个项目将寻找在处理罗马失败、损失和失败者（特别是指挥官甚至皇帝本人）时出现在资料中的模式和策略。最重要的是，我们要考察罗马帝国时期的历史编纂，看看那里对遭受失败给出了什么样的理由、解释或解释，以及这些是否以及如何成为叙事策略的一部分。在研究资料来源的过程中，也要研究个人的失败现象，如为国家而死或被俘。它的目的是带出罗马如何处理自己的战争死者和囚犯。战败对军队的直接影响也被考虑在内：兵变、骚乱、创伤。此外，罗马的失败是否导致了政治战略的变化，是否有社会影响所造成的军事冲突过程中的失败和损失，也造成了持久的变化，罗马社会和精英。关于失败在集体记忆中的作用的问题，以及与希腊城邦的文化历史比较，旨在评估罗马是如何具体处理失败的，并回答罗马文化或罗马政治文化本身是如何塑造军事现象的。最后是一个罗马战败论，它与罗马文化、社会和政治制度相联系，让人们在上下文中再次理解这一现象。

The project examines defeats and losses as phenomena of an expanded military history of the Roman imperial period (1st-3rd centuries). In the process, first the term defeat is to be clearly defined theoretically and then connected with a military history in extended form: This means adopting a cultural historical perspective of the military historical phenomenon. Starting out from the sources to hand (literary, epigraphic, archaeological sources), conceptional models or theories are to be developed or deduced. In concrete terms, this project will search for patterns and strategies that appear in the sources when dealing with Roman defeats, losses and losers (in particular the commanders or even the emperor himself). Above all, the historiography of the Roman imperial period is to be examined to see what reasons, interpretations or explanations are given there for suffering a defeat and whether and how these are part of narrative strategies. In the course of the work on and with the sources, individual defeat phenomena such as Death for the state or Captivity are also to be examined. It is intended to bring out how Rome dealt with its own war dead and prisoners. The direct effects of a defeat on the army are also taken into consideration: mutinies, disturbances, traumata. In addition, the question is examined whether Roman defeats led to a change in political strategies, whether there were social repercussions resulting from the defeats and losses in the course of military conflicts that also caused lasting changes to Roman society and Elite. The question of the Role of defeats in the collective memory and a cultural historical comparison with the Greek Poleis are then intended to prepare an assessment of how defeats were specifically dealt with in Rome and to give an answer to how Roman culture or Roman political culture itself shaped how the military phenomenon was dealt with. At the end there is a Theory of the Roman defeat that is connected with the Roman culture, society and political system and lets the phenomenon be understood once again in context.