Suffer, Reinterpret, Conceal and Forget. Defeats and losses as phenomena of an 'expanded military history' of the Roman Imperial Period

该项目将失败和损失作为罗马帝国时期（1 -3世纪）扩展军事史的现象进行研究。在这一过程中，首先要从理论上对“失败”一词进行明确的界定，然后以延伸的形式将其与军事史联系起来，即采用文化史的视角来看待军事史现象。从手头的来源（文学，碑文，考古来源）开始，概念模型或理论将得到发展或推断。具体来说，这个项目将寻找在处理罗马人的失败、损失和失败者（特别是指挥官甚至皇帝本人）时出现的模式和策略。最重要的是，我们要研究罗马帝国时期的史学，看看战败的原因、解释或解释是什么，以及这些是否以及如何成为叙事策略的一部分。在对资料来源进行研究的过程中，还将审查个别失败现象，如为国家而死或被囚禁。它旨在揭示罗马是如何处理自己的战争死者和囚犯的。失败对军队的直接影响也被考虑在内：兵变、动乱、创伤。此外，该问题还考察了罗马人的失败是否导致了政治策略的变化，军事冲突过程中的失败和损失是否造成了社会反响，这也导致了罗马社会和精英的持久变化。失败在集体记忆中的作用以及与希腊城邦的文化历史比较的问题是为了准备对罗马如何具体处理失败的评估，并回答罗马文化或罗马政治文化本身如何影响如何处理军事现象。最后是罗马战败的理论，它与罗马文化、社会和政治制度联系在一起，让人们再次在语境中理解这一现象。

The project examines defeats and losses as phenomena of an expanded military history of the Roman imperial period (1st-3rd centuries). In the process, first the term defeat is to be clearly defined theoretically and then connected with a military history in extended form: This means adopting a cultural historical perspective of the military historical phenomenon. Starting out from the sources to hand (literary, epigraphic, archaeological sources), conceptional models or theories are to be developed or deduced. In concrete terms, this project will search for patterns and strategies that appear in the sources when dealing with Roman defeats, losses and losers (in particular the commanders or even the emperor himself). Above all, the historiography of the Roman imperial period is to be examined to see what reasons, interpretations or explanations are given there for suffering a defeat and whether and how these are part of narrative strategies. In the course of the work on and with the sources, individual defeat phenomena such as Death for the state or Captivity are also to be examined. It is intended to bring out how Rome dealt with its own war dead and prisoners. The direct effects of a defeat on the army are also taken into consideration: mutinies, disturbances, traumata. In addition, the question is examined whether Roman defeats led to a change in political strategies, whether there were social repercussions resulting from the defeats and losses in the course of military conflicts that also caused lasting changes to Roman society and Elite. The question of the Role of defeats in the collective memory and a cultural historical comparison with the Greek Poleis are then intended to prepare an assessment of how defeats were specifically dealt with in Rome and to give an answer to how Roman culture or Roman political culture itself shaped how the military phenomenon was dealt with. At the end there is a Theory of the Roman defeat that is connected with the Roman culture, society and political system and lets the phenomenon be understood once again in context.