The criminality of others. Ethnically based attribution of criminality in the Eastern provinces of Prussia and the Bohemian Lands (1871 to 1914)

今天，犯罪局外人的形象以许多不同的方式呈现：例如，在根深蒂固的观念中，罗姆人是惯犯，或者在关于波兰偷车贼的笑话中。考虑到这一点，似乎有必要研究一下基于族裔的定罪进程作为一种特别有效的社会排斥形式出现的条件。该项目使用两个地区在不同组织的政治体系中的历史例子来审查这些过程：德意志帝国内的普鲁士东部省份，一个被设想为民族国家的实体，但实际上构成了一个容纳多个民族的实体，以及多民族哈布斯堡君主制中的波希米亚土地。该项目旨在揭示机制和解释模式，通过这些机制和解释模式，特定种族群体的外部形象与犯罪概念联系在一起，从而有助于构建犯罪“他人”群体。考虑到这一目的，它旨在分析与犯罪有关的全州范围内的话语和区域社会实践。这一分析的出发点是这样一种观点，即审查基于族裔的定罪进程将有助于勾勒出主要社会群体的自我认同、他们的融入和扩大做法以及在不同统治结构下被确认为其他群体的部分人口参与政治和社会生活的情况。因此，它不仅对德意志帝国和哈布斯堡君主制的社会和文化史，而且对其他政治制度的社会和文化史，都可以做出非常有益的贡献。

The image of the criminal outsider is present today in many different ways: for example in the deep-rooted perceptions of the Roma as habitual criminals or in jokes about Polish car thieves. Taking this into account it would seem worthwhile to take a look at the conditions under which ethnically based criminalization processes emerge as a particularly effective form of social exclusion. The project examines these processes using the historical example of two regions within differently organized political systems: the eastern provinces of Prussia, within the German Empire, an entity conceived as a nation state but in reality constituting an entity hosting multiple nationalities, and the Bohemian Lands within the multi-nation Habsburg monarchy. The project intends to uncover mechanisms and interpretative patterns through which outside images of particular ethnic groups were associated with notions of criminality, and thus served to construct groups of criminal "others." With this purpose in mind, it is intended to analyze state-wide discourses and regional social practices in relation to criminality. The starting point for this analysis is the view that examining ethnically based criminalization processes will help in outlining the self-identification of dominant social groups, their inclusion and expansion practices and the participation in political and social life of portions of the population identified as being other under different ruling structures. It can thus make a very informative contribution, not only to the social and cultural history of the German Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, but also that of other political systems.