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The Nusayri-Alawis in the late Ottoman State

奥斯曼帝国晚期的努赛里-阿拉维人

基本信息

批准号：
282976985
负责人：
Professor Dr. Patrick Franke
金额：
--
依托单位：
Lehrstuhl Islamwissenschaft
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2015-12-31 至 2018-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/282976985?language=en
关键词：
Nusayri Alawis late Ottoman State

项目摘要

This project deals with the history of the Nusayris, a Shi'i heterodox group centered in Cilicia and Western Syria, between 1840 and 1918. Its main focus lies on the interaction between the Nusayris, the late Ottoman state, and Protestant missionaries. The initial depreca-tory attitude of the Ottomans toward the Nusayris changed considerably during this period. One of the reasons for that was the increasing intervention of the European Powers in internal Ottoman politics on behalf of the religious minorities. It compelled the Ottoman government to acknowledge the Nusayris as a religious community in its own right. Another factor inducing the Ottoman administrative system to get closer to the Nusayris was the expansion of missionary activities of English and American Protestants among heterodox Muslim minorities. Fearing the infiltration of the Nusayris by these missionaries, Sultan Abdülhamid II took pains to integrate them into the Muslim millet and to draw them closer to the Hanafi School. The construction of mosques and madrasas in the Nusayri region was intended to turn the "heretics" into good and loyal subjects. Despite the fact that official Ottoman documents mention conversions of tens of thousands of heretics to Sunni Islam, the "civilizing project" of Abdülhamid was not successfull in the end. In the same vein, the missionaries, who had been trying to establish a new social order based on the millenarian belief, hardly succeeded in converting heterodox Muslims to their belief. The Nusayris, in their turn, underwent a collective transformation process in this period, in the course of which they started to term themselves "Alawis" (Turk. Aleviler, Arab. Alawiyyun). In spite of the large amount of Ottoman official documents and other sources, the history of the Nusayris in the late Ottoman Empire is still very little researched. The proposed project aiming at filling this gap is based on the hypothesis that the change in the self-designation of the Nusayris was part of a broader sociopolitical process dissociating them from the Ottoman Empire and preceding the final collapse of this state for some decades. While taking internal differences within the Nusayri community into account, the project will elucidate this process and put it into historical context, by comparing it with similar transformation processes within other heterodox communities of the Ottoman Empire (especiallly Kizilbash, Yezidis, Druze).

该项目涉及1840年至1918年之间的Nusayris的历史，Nusayris是一个以基利西亚和叙利亚西部为中心的什叶派非正统团体。它的主要焦点在于后期奥斯曼帝国的努萨里斯和新教传教士之间的互动。在此期间，奥斯曼人对努萨里斯最初的不信任态度发生了很大的变化。其中一个原因是欧洲列强越来越多地代表宗教少数群体干预奥斯曼内部政治。它迫使奥斯曼政府承认Nusayris是一个独立的宗教团体。另一个促使奥斯曼行政系统向努萨里斯靠拢的因素是英国和美国新教徒在非正统穆斯林少数民族中的传教活动的扩大。由于担心这些传教士会渗透到努萨里斯，苏丹阿卜杜勒·<e:2>哈米德二世煞费苦心地将他们融入穆斯林的圈子，并拉近他们与哈纳菲派的距离。在努萨里地区建造清真寺和伊斯兰学校是为了把“异教徒”变成善良和忠诚的臣民。尽管奥斯曼帝国的官方文件提到成千上万的异教徒皈依了逊尼派伊斯兰教，但阿卜杜勒·<s:1>勒哈米德的“教化工程”最终并没有成功。同样，试图建立以千禧年信仰为基础的新社会秩序的传教士们，也很难使非正统的穆斯林皈依他们的信仰。Nusayris，反过来，在这一时期，经历了一个集体的转变过程，在此过程中，他们开始称自己为“阿拉维”（土耳其语）。Aleviler,阿拉伯人。Alawiyyun)。尽管有大量的奥斯曼官方文件和其他来源，但对后期奥斯曼帝国努萨里斯的历史研究仍然很少。旨在填补这一空白的拟议项目是基于这样一种假设，即Nusayris自我名称的变化是将他们与奥斯曼帝国分离开来的更广泛的社会政治过程的一部分，并且是在这个国家最终崩溃之前的几十年。在考虑Nusayri社区内部差异的同时，该项目将通过将其与奥斯曼帝国其他非正统社区（特别是Kizilbash， Yezidis, Druze）的类似转变过程进行比较，阐明这一过程并将其置于历史背景中。