The Nusayri-Alawis in the late Ottoman State

这个项目涉及努萨里斯的历史，一个以西里西亚和叙利亚西部为中心的什叶派异端组织，在1840年至1918年之间。它的主要关注点在于努赛里斯、已故的奥斯曼帝国和新教传教士之间的互动。在这一时期，奥斯曼帝国人最初对努赛里斯人的不赞成的态度发生了很大的变化。其中一个原因是，欧洲列强代表宗教少数群体越来越多地干预奥斯曼帝国内部政治。它迫使奥斯曼帝国政府承认努萨伊里斯人是一个独立的宗教团体。促使奥斯曼帝国行政系统向努赛里斯靠拢的另一个因素是，英美新教徒在非正统穆斯林少数民族中的传教活动的扩大。由于担心这些传教士渗入努赛里斯，苏丹阿卜杜勒哈米德二世煞费苦心地将他们融入穆斯林小米中，并拉近他们与哈纳菲学校的距离。在努赛里地区修建清真寺和宗教学校的目的是将“异端”变成忠诚的好臣民。尽管奥斯曼帝国的官方文件提到数以万计的异教徒皈依逊尼派伊斯兰教，但阿卜杜勒哈米德的“文明工程”最终并未成功。同样，传教士一直试图在千年信仰的基础上建立新的社会秩序，但他们几乎没有成功地让非正统穆斯林皈依他们的信仰。在这一时期，努萨里斯人经历了一个集体的转变过程，在这个过程中，他们开始自称为“阿拉维人”(突厥语)。阿列维勒，阿拉伯人。阿拉维云)。尽管有大量的奥斯曼帝国官方文献和其他资料来源，但关于奥斯曼帝国晚期努萨伊里斯的历史研究仍然很少。旨在填补这一空白的拟议项目基于这样一个假设，即努赛里斯人自我定位的变化是一个更广泛的社会政治过程的一部分，使他们与奥斯曼帝国分离，并在这个国家最终崩溃之前几十年。在考虑努萨伊里社区内部差异的同时，该项目将阐明这一过程，并将其置于历史背景中，将其与奥斯曼帝国其他非正统社区(特别是克齐尔巴什、耶齐迪斯、德鲁兹)的类似转变过程进行比较。

This project deals with the history of the Nusayris, a Shi'i heterodox group centered in Cilicia and Western Syria, between 1840 and 1918. Its main focus lies on the interaction between the Nusayris, the late Ottoman state, and Protestant missionaries. The initial depreca-tory attitude of the Ottomans toward the Nusayris changed considerably during this period. One of the reasons for that was the increasing intervention of the European Powers in internal Ottoman politics on behalf of the religious minorities. It compelled the Ottoman government to acknowledge the Nusayris as a religious community in its own right. Another factor inducing the Ottoman administrative system to get closer to the Nusayris was the expansion of missionary activities of English and American Protestants among heterodox Muslim minorities. Fearing the infiltration of the Nusayris by these missionaries, Sultan Abdülhamid II took pains to integrate them into the Muslim millet and to draw them closer to the Hanafi School. The construction of mosques and madrasas in the Nusayri region was intended to turn the "heretics" into good and loyal subjects. Despite the fact that official Ottoman documents mention conversions of tens of thousands of heretics to Sunni Islam, the "civilizing project" of Abdülhamid was not successfull in the end. In the same vein, the missionaries, who had been trying to establish a new social order based on the millenarian belief, hardly succeeded in converting heterodox Muslims to their belief. The Nusayris, in their turn, underwent a collective transformation process in this period, in the course of which they started to term themselves "Alawis" (Turk. Aleviler, Arab. Alawiyyun). In spite of the large amount of Ottoman official documents and other sources, the history of the Nusayris in the late Ottoman Empire is still very little researched. The proposed project aiming at filling this gap is based on the hypothesis that the change in the self-designation of the Nusayris was part of a broader sociopolitical process dissociating them from the Ottoman Empire and preceding the final collapse of this state for some decades. While taking internal differences within the Nusayri community into account, the project will elucidate this process and put it into historical context, by comparing it with similar transformation processes within other heterodox communities of the Ottoman Empire (especiallly Kizilbash, Yezidis, Druze).