Context-dependence of biodiversity effects and real-world perspective

在过去的二十年里，在澄清生物多样性和生态系统功能之间的关系方面取得了巨大的进展。在本建议中，我们提出了在该领域取得进一步进展的四个挑战。不同生态系统功能对植物多样性变化的响应多种多样，这也取决于所考虑的生态系统。因此，对于基础生态学来说，理解a)为什么生物多样性的影响在不同的生态系统和不同的生态系统功能之间是不同的，以及b)生物多样性对不同功能的影响是否以及为什么存在权衡和协同作用是很重要的。我们将分析生物多样性对不同生态系统变量影响变化的驱动因素，并分析不同生态系统功能之间的协同效应和权衡。这些分析将利用耶拿实验收集的大量数据，并在跨站点比较中纳入其他生物多样性实验的数据。基于基础和应用的原因，重要的是c)将生物多样性实验的结果放在现实世界的背景下，d)提高我们对多样性对生态系统服务的作用的理解，从而提高对生态系统管理的理解。我们将通过系统地比较生物多样性实验和现实系统之间的结果和机制，以及评估生物多样性对生态系统服务的影响来解决这个问题。将比较耶拿实验、进一步的实验和生物多样性探索项目的结果——生物多样性和生态系统功能在现实世界中沿着土地利用强度的梯度进行研究。此外，还将开发不同的生态系统服务情景，对其进行经济评估，并研究生物多样性的潜在作用。这个次级项目将与该研究单位的其他次级项目密切合作，并将把耶拿实验与关于生物多样性对生态系统功能和生态系统服务的作用的其他主要国际研究工作联系起来。

In the last two decades there has been enormous progress on clarifying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this proposal, we address four challenges for further progress in the field. There is a wide variety of responses of different ecosystem functions to changes in plant diversity, which also depend on the considered ecosystem. For fundamental ecology it is thus important to understand a) why the effects of biodiversity differ between different ecosystems and different ecosystem functions, and b) if and why there are trade-offs and synergies in biodiversity effects on different functions. We will analyse drivers of the variation in biodiversity effects on different ecosystem variables and analyse synergies and trade-offs between different ecosystem functions. These analyses will make use of the wealth of data collected in the Jena Experiment, and, in cross-site comparisons, include data of other biodiversity experiments. For fundamental and applied reasons it is important c) to put the results found in biodiversity experiments in a real-world context, and d) to improve our understanding of the role of diversity for ecosystem services and, in consequence, for ecosystem management. We will address this by systematically comparing results and mechanisms between biodiversity experiments and real-world systems, and by assessing biodiversity effects on ecosystem services. Results from the Jena Experiment, further experiments, and the Biodiversity Exploratories - where biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is studied along a gradient of land-use intensity in the real world - will be compared. Moreover, different ecosystem-service scenarios will be developed, valuated economically and the underlying role of biodiversity will be studied. This subproject will collaborate closely with the other subprojects of the research unit and it will link the Jena Experiment to other major international research efforts on the role of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services.