Knowledge in materials science and materials selection in 20th century technology

提交的研究项目是指定的研究小组“技术知识动态”的一个子项目(发言人：Jan Kratzer教授)。它是指以技术史为重点的科技史学科。20世纪材料科学和材料选择的子项目知识从材料科学史和设计材料选择的角度研究技术科学中的知识动态。到目前为止，固体物理和材料科学已经被研究，特别是物理化学史的研究人员。虽然人们忽视了适当和强大材料的使用在20世纪的技术创新中发挥了重要作用。但是，在技术史上，建筑设计中发现、测量和发展某些技术上有用的特性和选择过程的许多方面也被广泛忽视。但这些过程经常使材料科学融入技术理论和实践。这一科学趋势的兴起花了几十年的时间，但当我们看看像迈克尔·阿什比这样的出版物时，这种趋势被证明是今天合适的。指定的子项目有三个目标。首先，从一门新的科学学科兴起的角度对上述趋势进行了描述和分析。方法、机构、人物和话语被模范地突出了。第二，将探讨实用技术知识的基本组成部分及其动态的跨学科起源。第三，将审查这些知识组成部分是否浓缩在业务守则或技术模型中(如果是的话)。长期的变化、不同的材料和缺失的前身研究构成方法论上的困难。这些问题将被克服，或至少通过独特的可能性被嵌入建筑设计、技术管理和技术哲学专家研究小组，并通过实施与该小组有关的三个时间段的业务结构来克服。这三个按时间顺序排列的部分也指的是这一分项目研究人员以前的一次调查(康复)。第一部分(约1900-1930)涉及经典材料测试，与Fleck教授的子项目6有关。第二部分(约1920-1950)集中于当代的光结构主题，并与迈耶教授的子项目4相联系。第三节(1960年以后)阐述了设计中系统性材料选择过程的兴起，并与Hoelzle/Kratzer教授的子项目3相一致。主要结果包括同行评议期刊上的跨学科论文和技术史领域的一本全面的专著。

The submitted research project represents a sub project of the designated research group Dynamics of Knowledge in Technology (Speaker: Prof. Dr. Jan Kratzer). It refers to the academic discipline of history of science and technology with an emphasis on history of technology.The subproject Knowledge in materials science and materials selection in 20th century technology deals with the knowledge dynamics in technical sciences in terms of the history of materials science and materials selection in design. To date solid state physics and materials science have been investigated especially by researchers of history of physics and chemistry. Although it has been overlooked that the use of proper and powerful materials played a major role in the technological innovation in the 20th century. But many aspects of discovery, measurement and of the development of certain technologically useful properties and of selection processes within constructive design have been neglected widely in the history of technology too. But frequently these processes enabled the integration of materials science into technological theory and practice. The rise of this scientific trend took some decades but when we look at publications like those of Michael Ashby the trend proved appropriate today.The designated sub project has three goals. First it describes and analyzes the mentioned trend in terms of the rise of a new scientific discipline. Approaches, institutions, persons and discourses are exemplarily highlighted. Second basic components of practical technological knowledge and their dynamic transdisciplinary genesis will be explored. Third it will be examined if (and if yes how) these components of knowledge were condensed in codes of practice or in technological models.Long term changes, different materials and missing predecessor studies constitute methodological difficulties. They will be overcome or at least minimized by the unique possibility of embedment in a research group of experts for construction design, technological management and philosophy of technology and by implementing an operational structure of three chronological sections relating to the group. The three chronological sections also refer to a former survey (Habilitation) of the researcher of this sub project. The first section (ca. 1900-1930) deals with classical material testing and is connected with the sub project 6 of Prof. Fleck. The second section (ca. 1920-1950) concentrates on the contemporary topic of light structures and is linked to the sub project 4 of Prof. Meyer. The third section (1960ff.) addresses the rise of systematic materials selection processes in design and converges with the sub project 3 of Prof. Hoelzle/Prof. Kratzer.The main results consist of interdisciplinary essays in peer reviewed journals and a comprehensive monograph in the field of history of technology.