Cultural and political developments in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran: Research on the Bronze Age urban center of Bakr Awa

美索不达米亚和伊朗边境地区的文化和政治发展：巴克尔阿瓦青铜时代城市中心研究

• 批准号: 317397603
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Peter A. Miglus
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/317397603?language=en
• 关键词: Cultural; political; developments; borderland; between

The aim of the applied project is archaeological research on the site of Bakr Awa in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in the Sulaimaniya province / Iraq, and work on the excavated Bronze Age material and documented data. In this period Bakr Awa was a major urban center in the Shahrizor Plain, in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran. Its cultural and political development reflects the historical processes in this little-known region distinguished by volatile relations to Northern and Southern Mesopotamia as well as to Iran. The city was in controlling position over the surrounding region which was crossed by important military and trade routes. The site provides an excellent opportunity to understand cultural changes on the border of the Mesopotamian civilizations. The research focuses on different questions concerning the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age: For the early 3rd millennium BC, an Early Dynastic settlement is proven by Early Dynastic pottery and 14C data. However, the late Chalcolithic Uruk traditions seem to continue and should be further investigated. From the Akkadian and Post-Akkadian period well preserved stone foundations of large buildings and a small sanctuary are known. This kind of architecture has its parallels in Northern Mesopotamia. The typical Akkadian pottery can be compared with ware from sites on the middle Tigris. Around 2000 BC the city experienced a period of prosperity. Architecture and artifacts indicate a rapid adoption of ideas and technologies from the Mesopotamian core areas. Compared to southern standards, the local specimens were in no way inferior in quality and execution. Many intramural burials provide grave goods of interregional character, but they reflect also particular local practices. Dating to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC two official buildings and an archive with administrative and religious cuneiform texts were found. Their content as well as pottery and small finds prove an cultural overlap of influences from the Hurrian North and Kassite South in this settlement horizon. Thus, it is necessary to trace the causes of these changing influences, with special focus on local particularities. The archaeological data obtained are supplemented by written sources for political history and historical geography as well as by bioarchaeological and archaeometric analyzes of raw materials, bones, metal artefacts, and pottery, for reconstruction of subsistence economy, production technologies, and origin and structure of Bakr Awa´s population. The planned field research is embedded in a range of international research projects in the region, for which Bakr Awa constitutes the main Bronze Age reference site.

该应用项目的目的是对伊拉克苏莱曼尼亚省扎格罗斯山脉山麓的巴克尔阿瓦遗址进行考古研究，并对出土的青铜时代材料和记录数据进行研究。在此期间，巴克尔阿瓦是沙赫里佐尔平原的主要城市中心，位于美索不达米亚和伊朗之间的边境。它的文化和政治发展反映了这个鲜为人知的地区的历史进程，该地区与美索不达米亚北部和南部以及伊朗的关系不稳定。该城市对周边地区具有控制地位，重要的军事和贸易路线穿过该地区。该遗址提供了了解美索不达米亚文明边界文化变迁的绝佳机会。该研究重点关注有关青铜时代早期、中期和晚期的不同问题：在公元前 3 世纪早期，早期王朝的陶器和 14C 数据证明了早期王朝的聚落。然而，红铜时代晚期的乌鲁克传统似乎仍在继续，应该进一步研究。从阿卡德和后阿卡德时期开始，大型建筑物和小型圣所的石基保存完好。这种建筑在美索不达米亚北部有其相似之处。典型的阿卡德陶器可以与底格里斯河中部遗址的陶器进行比较。公元前2000年左右，这座城市经历了一段繁荣时期。建筑和文物表明美索不达米亚核心地区的思想和技术得到了快速采用。与南方标准相比，当地的样本在质量和执行力上丝毫不逊色。许多壁内墓葬提供具有跨地区特征的陪葬品，但它们也反映了特定的当地习俗。发现了两座官方建筑和一个档案馆，其历史可以追溯到公元前第二个千年下半叶，其中包含行政和宗教楔形文字。他们的内容以及陶器和小发现证明了在这个定居点范围内受到胡里安北部和卡西特南部影响的文化重叠。因此，有必要追寻这些变化影响的原因，特别关注当地的特殊性。获得的考古数据得到政治史和历史地理学的书面资料以及对原材料、骨头、金属制品和陶器的生物考古学和考古学分析的补充，以重建自给经济、生产技术以及巴克尔阿瓦人口的起源和结构。计划中的实地研究被纳入该地区的一系列国际研究项目中，其中巴克尔阿瓦构成了主要的青铜时代参考地点。