Cultural and political developments in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran: Research on the Bronze Age urban center of Bakr Awa

应用项目的目的是对伊拉克苏莱曼尼亚省扎格罗斯山脉山脚下的Bakr Awa遗址进行考古研究，并对出土的青铜时代材料和文件数据进行研究。在此期间，Bakr Awa是沙赫里佐平原的一个主要城市中心，位于美索不达米亚和伊朗之间的边界地带。它的文化和政治发展反映了这个鲜为人知的区域的历史进程，该区域与美索不达米亚北部和南部以及伊朗的关系不稳定。这座城市控制着周围被重要的军事和贸易路线穿过的地区。该遗址提供了一个极好的机会来了解美索不达米亚文明边界上的文化变化。研究集中于青铜时代早期、中期和晚期的不同问题：公元前3000年早期，早期王朝的陶器和14C数据证明了早期的王朝聚落。然而，晚期胆石乌鲁克人的传统似乎仍在继续，应该进行进一步的调查。在阿卡德和后阿卡德时期，人们知道保存完好的大型建筑和一个小保护区的石基。这种建筑在美索不达米亚北部也有相似之处。典型的阿卡德陶器可以与底格里斯河中部遗址的陶器相提并论。公元前2000年左右，这座城市经历了一段繁荣期。建筑和文物表明，来自美索不达米亚核心区的想法和技术得到了迅速采用。与南方的标准相比，当地的标本在质量和制作上并不逊色。许多墙内埋葬提供了具有区域间性质的坟墓，但它们也反映了特定的地方做法。可追溯到公元前二千年后半叶，发现了两座官方建筑和一个带有行政和宗教楔形文字文本的档案馆。它们的内容以及陶器和小发现证明，在这个聚落地平线上，来自胡里安北部和卡西特南部的影响的文化重叠。因此，有必要追查这些变化影响的原因，特别是关注当地的特殊性。获得的考古数据得到了政治史和历史地理的书面资料的补充，以及对原材料、骨骼、金属制品和陶器的生物考古和考古分析，以重建维持生计的经济、生产技术以及巴克尔·阿瓦·S人口的来源和结构。计划中的实地研究嵌入了该地区的一系列国际研究项目，Bakr Awa是这些项目的主要青铜时代参照点。

The aim of the applied project is archaeological research on the site of Bakr Awa in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in the Sulaimaniya province / Iraq, and work on the excavated Bronze Age material and documented data. In this period Bakr Awa was a major urban center in the Shahrizor Plain, in the borderland between Mesopotamia and Iran. Its cultural and political development reflects the historical processes in this little-known region distinguished by volatile relations to Northern and Southern Mesopotamia as well as to Iran. The city was in controlling position over the surrounding region which was crossed by important military and trade routes. The site provides an excellent opportunity to understand cultural changes on the border of the Mesopotamian civilizations. The research focuses on different questions concerning the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age: For the early 3rd millennium BC, an Early Dynastic settlement is proven by Early Dynastic pottery and 14C data. However, the late Chalcolithic Uruk traditions seem to continue and should be further investigated. From the Akkadian and Post-Akkadian period well preserved stone foundations of large buildings and a small sanctuary are known. This kind of architecture has its parallels in Northern Mesopotamia. The typical Akkadian pottery can be compared with ware from sites on the middle Tigris. Around 2000 BC the city experienced a period of prosperity. Architecture and artifacts indicate a rapid adoption of ideas and technologies from the Mesopotamian core areas. Compared to southern standards, the local specimens were in no way inferior in quality and execution. Many intramural burials provide grave goods of interregional character, but they reflect also particular local practices. Dating to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC two official buildings and an archive with administrative and religious cuneiform texts were found. Their content as well as pottery and small finds prove an cultural overlap of influences from the Hurrian North and Kassite South in this settlement horizon. Thus, it is necessary to trace the causes of these changing influences, with special focus on local particularities. The archaeological data obtained are supplemented by written sources for political history and historical geography as well as by bioarchaeological and archaeometric analyzes of raw materials, bones, metal artefacts, and pottery, for reconstruction of subsistence economy, production technologies, and origin and structure of Bakr Awa´s population. The planned field research is embedded in a range of international research projects in the region, for which Bakr Awa constitutes the main Bronze Age reference site.