Heating and airconditioning by hypocausts in residential and representative architecture in Rome and Latium studies of a phenomenon of luxury in a favoured climatic area of the Roman Empire on the basis of selected examples.

罗马和拉齐奥的住宅和代表性建筑中的火烧供暖和空调根据选定的例子，研究了罗马帝国有利的气候地区的奢华现象。

• 批准号: 317469425
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr.-Ing. Heinz Beste
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung Rom
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/317469425?language=en
• 关键词: Heating; airconditioning; hypocausts; residential; representative

In the previous bibliography regarding archaeological researches and those regarding the history of ancient technique, the topic has been treated only in a marginal way, even though it is of a certain importance regarding the interpretation of Roman buildings, especially those of the Imperial and late-antique periods. Rooms or groups of rooms for residential and administrative purposes and those with a representative function, of different dimensions, equipped with this system are known in whole the Empire. Rooms with hypocaust heating without a bathing function are evident in residential and administrative contexts, and those of buildings with a representative function: domus, castella, villae, palaces, churches and buildings connected with them respectively. For other types of buildings there are single examples. The major part of the examples has been discovered in the Roman provinces with disadvantaged climate conditions, that is to say in the eastern and northern part of the Empire; but they exist in the north of Italy as well, principally in domus. The examples in the favoured climate zones, that is to say in Central and Southern Italy stand out in sharp relief against the former. In the urbs itself there are domus and residences, imperial as well as non-imperial, and in the hinterland of Rome the hypocaust system without a bathing function is found in villae and residences. A great number of the examples belong to the early and the middle Imperial period, but it seems that in the late antique period there has been a real boom of the system. Specialists discuss actually, if climatic changes play an essential role regarding this phenomenon. Generally, it can be started from the thesis, that the owners which either installed a hypocaust heating during the original building phase or in a second phase, achieved more prestige. Similarly, it is possible to suppose that the desire to increase the quality of life played a significant role. Probably, also the bandwagon effect counted. The standardised technique of the hypocaust system, known from countless bath buildings, outside of these ones is more or less identical; the only difference seems to be that the tubuli in the walls often are placed in single lines. In the contemporary written sources there are only few references to the system, especially regarding private buildings. The goal of the research project is an exemplary study of the examples of the system in Rom and Latium. A first step will be the record and interpretation of all known examples, published or unpublished. A second one will be the in-depth study of all the rooms and halls respectively with hypocausts in the Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia in the suburbium of Rome. Four examples are known there, two of them of considerable dimensions. They suggest that the part of the villa, fated to be the wing of the residence and that one for representative purposes, was furnished with grand luxury.

在以前的考古学研究和古代技术史的参考书目中，这个主题只是以边缘的方式处理，尽管它对于解释罗马建筑，特别是帝国时期和古代晚期的建筑具有一定的重要性。用于居住和行政目的的房间或房间组以及具有代表性功能的房间，不同尺寸，配备有这种系统，在整个帝国都是已知的。在住宅和行政环境中，以及具有代表性功能的建筑物：多莫斯，城堡，别墅，宫殿，教堂和与之相连的建筑物中，没有洗浴功能的房间很明显。对于其他类型的建筑物，只有一个例子。大部分的例子都是在气候条件不利的罗马省份发现的，也就是说，在帝国的东部和北方;但它们也存在于意大利的北部，主要是在多莫斯。有利气候区的例子，也就是说，在意大利中部和南部，与前者相比，突出了明显的优势。在城市本身，有多莫斯和住宅，帝国的和非帝国的，在罗马的腹地，没有洗澡功能的hypoglyca系统在villae和住宅中发现。大量的例子属于帝国早期和中期，但似乎在古代晚期出现了一个真实的繁荣的制度。专家们正在讨论，气候变化是否对这一现象起了至关重要的作用。一般来说，可以从论文开始，无论是在原始建筑阶段还是在第二阶段安装了低温供暖的业主，都获得了更高的声望。同样，我们可以假设，提高生活质量的愿望发挥了重要作用。或许，这也是跟风效应。从无数的浴室建筑中了解到的标准化技术，在这些建筑之外或多或少是相同的;唯一的区别似乎是墙壁中的管道通常被放置在单行上。在当代的书面资料中，只有很少的参考资料提到该系统，特别是关于私人建筑。该研究项目的目标是对Rom和Rom中的系统示例进行示例性研究。第一步将是记录和解释所有已知的例子，出版或未出版。第二个将是所有的房间和霍尔斯分别与hypocasts在通过阿皮亚在罗马的修道院马克森提乌斯别墅深入研究。已知有四个例子，其中两个相当大的尺寸。他们认为，别墅的一部分，注定是住宅的翅膀，一个代表性的目的，是配备了盛大的豪华。