Heating and airconditioning by hypocausts in residential and representative architecture in Rome and Latium studies of a phenomenon of luxury in a favoured climatic area of the Roman Empire on the basis of selected examples.

在以前关于考古研究和关于古代技术历史的参考书目中，这个话题只被边缘化了，尽管它对罗马建筑的解释有一定的重要性，尤其是那些帝国时期和晚期的建筑。用于居住和行政目的的房间或房间群，以及那些具有不同尺寸的代表性功能的房间，在整个帝国都配备了这个系统。在住宅和行政环境中，以及具有代表性功能的建筑中，如住宅、城堡、村庄、宫殿、教堂和与之相连的建筑中，明显存在没有洗澡功能的低温供暖房间。对于其他类型的建筑，只有一个例子。这些例子主要出现在气候条件不利的罗马行省，也就是帝国的东部和北部；但它们也存在于意大利北部，主要是在家里。在气候有利的地区，也就是说在意大利中部和南部，这些例子与前者形成鲜明对比。在城市本身有住宅和住宅，皇家的和非皇家的，在罗马的腹地，没有洗澡功能的热水系统在村庄和住宅中被发现。大量的例子属于早期和中期的帝国时期，但似乎在古代晚期有一个真正的繁荣的系统。实际上，专家们讨论了气候变化是否对这一现象起了重要作用。一般来说，它可以从论文开始，业主要么在最初的建筑阶段或在第二阶段安装了低温供暖，获得了更多的声望。同样，我们也可以假设，提高生活质量的愿望在其中起了重要作用。也许，从众效应也起了作用。在这些浴场之外，从无数浴场建筑中了解到的标准化的低温冷却系统技术或多或少是相同的；唯一的区别似乎是壁上的小管通常是单线排列的。在当代的书面资料中，很少有关于该系统的参考资料，特别是关于私人建筑。该研究项目的目标是对罗马和拉丁地区的系统实例进行示范性研究。第一步将是记录和解释所有已知的例子，发表或未发表。第二个将是深入研究罗马郊区阿皮亚大街上的马克森提乌斯别墅的所有房间和大厅。已知有四个例子，其中两个规模相当大。他们认为，别墅的一部分，注定是住宅的侧翼，也是代表用途的一部分，配备了豪华的家具。

In the previous bibliography regarding archaeological researches and those regarding the history of ancient technique, the topic has been treated only in a marginal way, even though it is of a certain importance regarding the interpretation of Roman buildings, especially those of the Imperial and late-antique periods. Rooms or groups of rooms for residential and administrative purposes and those with a representative function, of different dimensions, equipped with this system are known in whole the Empire. Rooms with hypocaust heating without a bathing function are evident in residential and administrative contexts, and those of buildings with a representative function: domus, castella, villae, palaces, churches and buildings connected with them respectively. For other types of buildings there are single examples. The major part of the examples has been discovered in the Roman provinces with disadvantaged climate conditions, that is to say in the eastern and northern part of the Empire; but they exist in the north of Italy as well, principally in domus. The examples in the favoured climate zones, that is to say in Central and Southern Italy stand out in sharp relief against the former. In the urbs itself there are domus and residences, imperial as well as non-imperial, and in the hinterland of Rome the hypocaust system without a bathing function is found in villae and residences. A great number of the examples belong to the early and the middle Imperial period, but it seems that in the late antique period there has been a real boom of the system. Specialists discuss actually, if climatic changes play an essential role regarding this phenomenon. Generally, it can be started from the thesis, that the owners which either installed a hypocaust heating during the original building phase or in a second phase, achieved more prestige. Similarly, it is possible to suppose that the desire to increase the quality of life played a significant role. Probably, also the bandwagon effect counted. The standardised technique of the hypocaust system, known from countless bath buildings, outside of these ones is more or less identical; the only difference seems to be that the tubuli in the walls often are placed in single lines. In the contemporary written sources there are only few references to the system, especially regarding private buildings. The goal of the research project is an exemplary study of the examples of the system in Rom and Latium. A first step will be the record and interpretation of all known examples, published or unpublished. A second one will be the in-depth study of all the rooms and halls respectively with hypocausts in the Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia in the suburbium of Rome. Four examples are known there, two of them of considerable dimensions. They suggest that the part of the villa, fated to be the wing of the residence and that one for representative purposes, was furnished with grand luxury.