Beyond Defeat and Victory. The Commemoration of Military Conflicts by Greek Poleis in Archaic and Classical Times

超越失败与胜利。

• 批准号: 317471751
• 负责人: Dr. Birgit Bergmann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Klassische Archäologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/317471751?language=en
• 关键词: Beyond; Defeat; Victory.; Commemoration; Military

War (and thus naturally also success and defeat in war) was a vital aspect of Greek polis life. Thus a study of how, when, where and why Greek poleis commemorated their military victories (or defeats for that matter) promises to contribute vital information to the understanding of Greek polis history and culture. It is therefore somewhat surprising that hitherto no attempt has been made to explore this subject in its entirety even though a series of specialized studies on single aspects such as the tropaia or the weapon dedications have been published in recent years. The research project Beyond Defeat and Victory, that is also a habilitation-project, aims at filling this academic void. Drawing on all available sources, literary, epigraphical and archaeological, it takes the whole range of activities commemorating a military victory into account: from the erection of tropaia, the burial of the fallen and the reward of bravery to festivals, dedications and monuments. The study thus focuses on one aspect of the memorialisation undertaken by communities that is still relevant today, especially considering the 70th anniversary of the end of the Second World War and the approaching centennial of the end of the First: How do victors commemorate their military success and what about the defeated? For how long are the victories kept alive by the different methods of commemoration? And how does this influence the continued coexistence of the (erstwhile) victors and the (erstwhile) defeated? A consideration of the Greek culture in archaic and classical times promises to be especially interesting in this respect for it is accorded a special status following Jacob Burckhardt`s thesis of an all-prevailing agonistic principle at the end of the 19th century. This naturally also applies to war, whose agonistic character and high degree of ritualization in archaic and early classical times have frequently been stressed; in this Greek culture distinguishes itself significantly from other times and other cultures. Recently this concept of agonistic warfare has been increasingly challenged, though, and there is a growing consensus that it might not be antique reality but rather modern theory. Against this background an extensive study of the way Greek poleis in archaic and classical times commemorated military conflicts and what attitudes to war and victory they thus reveal, is therefore positively overdue.

战争(自然也是战争中的成败)是希腊城邦生活的一个重要方面。因此，研究希腊城邦人如何、何时、何地以及为什么纪念他们的军事胜利(或为此而失败)，有望为理解希腊城邦的历史和文化提供重要信息。因此，令人有点惊讶的是，尽管最近几年发表了一系列关于特罗帕亚或武器专门用途等单一方面的专门研究，但迄今没有试图全面探讨这一主题。超越失败与胜利的研究项目，也是一个适应项目，旨在填补这一学术空白。它吸收了所有现有的文学、碑文和考古资料，考虑到纪念军事胜利的整个活动范围：从竖立特罗帕亚、埋葬阵亡将士、奖励勇敢的人到节日、献礼和纪念碑。因此，这项研究侧重于社区开展的纪念活动的一个方面，它在今天仍然有意义，特别是考虑到第二次世界大战结束70周年和第一次世界大战结束即将到来的百年：胜利者如何纪念他们的军事成功，战败者怎么办？通过不同的纪念方法，这些胜利能维持多久？这对(昔日的)胜利者和(昔日的)失败者继续共存有何影响？考量古代和古典时代的希腊文化在这方面尤其有趣，因为在19世纪末雅各布·伯克哈德提出的普遍存在的竞争原则之后，希腊文化被赋予了特殊的地位。这自然也适用于战争，在古代和早期古典时代，战争的争斗性质和高度仪式化经常被强调；在这种希腊文化中，它与其他时代和其他文化有很大的不同。然而，最近，这种对抗性战争的概念受到了越来越多的挑战，越来越多的人达成共识，认为它可能不是古老的现实，而是现代理论。因此，在这种背景下，广泛研究古代和古典时期希腊城邦纪念军事冲突的方式，以及由此揭示的对战争和胜利的态度，无疑是早就应该进行的。