The Presence of the Prophet: Muhammad in the mirror of his community in early modern and modern Islam

所有自认为是穆斯林的不同个人、团体和社区，无论是逊尼派还是什叶派，无论是信奉伊斯兰教的文字还是精神，无论是伊斯兰改革的支持者还是世俗穆斯林，都对先知怀有共同的依恋之情。作为个人效仿和规范优先的焦点，作为拯救、文化自豪感和赋权的希望源泉，伊斯兰教先知继续在穆斯林信徒中存在。这包括关于他的末世论信仰，它将伊斯兰教的起源（对一些人来说，也是他创造世界的起源）与现在和世界末日联系起来。一种元历史的直接性也被传播的先知格言所唤起，这些格言对信徒说话，并为那些坚持先知圣训的人提供祝福甚至胜利。先知模式建立在中世纪晚期已经出现的虔诚模式的基础上，自现代早期以来就一直存在（这里的开始取自公元前。1450）越来越多地在逊尼派和什叶派穆斯林之间移动到个人和集体努力的核心，以加强个人和更新伊斯兰文化和政治。但是，对先知的日益依恋同样加强和加深了伊斯兰教内部现有的裂痕，以及与非穆斯林的紧张关系和冲突，每当先知及其形象受到威胁时，这种紧张关系和冲突就会加剧。这个法德研究小组多年来一直从事学术交流，它打算开展的联合探索活动旨在探索对先知的各种形式的依恋，这些依恋有助于穆斯林个人的形成，以及自现代早期以来伊斯兰文化和政治的发展，当时穆斯林世界不断扩张，但也在偏离中心。为期三年的计划将在其第一年的重点是发展的教义，文化和媒体代表的先知（1。先知的代表：比喻和争议）。在第二年，它将转向先知，作为个人和集体赋权以及法律的和政治权威和权力的源泉。先知的继承人：权威和权力）。第三年将致力于个人和集体经验的动态与基督教虔诚（3。“个人和集体经验之间的宗教虔诚”）。该计划旨在为自近代早期以来的基督教虔诚历史及其不同层面的跨学科和比较方法奠定基础。其更大的目标是促进更好地了解宗教、社会和政治在伊斯兰文化的一个核心领域中的相互作用，这个领域在过去几十年中已变成一个日益全球化的冲突竞技场。

Attachment to the Prophet is shared by all the different individuals, groups and communities which define themselves as Muslims, whether Sunnites or Shi'ites, whether attached to the letter or rather the spirit of Islam, whether proponents of Islamic reform or secular Muslims. As a focus for personal emulation and normative precedence and as a source of hope for salvation, cultural pride and empowerment, the Prophet of Islam continues his presence among the Muslim believers. This includes eschatological beliefs about him which connect the beginnings of Islam (and for some also the origin oft he whole created world) with the present time and the end of days. A metahistorical immediacy is also evoked by the transmitted Prophetical sayings, which speak to the believer and suggest blessing and even victory for those who keep hold the Prophetic Sunna. Building on patterns of piety which emerged already in later medieval times, the Prophetic model has since the early modern period (its beginning taken here from c. 1450) increasingly moved among both Sunnite and Shi'ite Muslims into the core of personal and collective efforts to strengthen the individual and to renew Islamic culture and politics. But the increased attachment to the Prophet has equally reinforced and deepened the existing fractures within Islam, and also the tensions and conflicts with non-Muslims, which have gained in intensity whenever the Prophet and his image are at stake. The joint explorative enterprise intended by this Franco-German research group, which has been engaged in academic exchange for a number of years, seeks to explore the various forms of attachment to the Prophet which have contributed to the formation of the Muslim individual and to the development of Islamic culture and politics since the early modern period, in a time of continuing expansion but also decentering of the Muslim world. The three-years programme will in its first year focus on the development of the doctrinal, cultural and medial representations of the Prophet (1. "Representations of the Prophet: figurations and controversies"). It will shift in the second year to the Prophet as a ressource of personal and collective empowerment and of legal and political authority and power (2. "Heirs of the Prophet: authority and power"). The third year will be dedicated to the dynamics of individual and collective experience connected with Prophetic piety (3. "Prophetic piety between individual and collective experience"). The programme is designed to clear the ground for interdisciplinary and comparative approaches to the history of Prophetic piety and its different dimensions since the early modern period. Its larger goal is to contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between religion, society and politics in a central field of Islamic culture which has turned over the last decades into an arena of conflict on an increasingly global scale.