An Interpersonal Model of Envy. Examining Interpersonal Antecedents and Consequences of Envy in Social Interactions

嫉妒是一种社会情感，因为它产生于与另一个人的消极向上的比较。之前的研究主要关注嫉妒者的人际反应。因此，互动双方的人际感知或行为在很大程度上是未知的。此外，关于互动伙伴的人格特征与嫉妒体验之间关系的研究也很少。本文在前人对嫉妒研究的基础上，提出了一种人际嫉妒模型。嫉妒的人际关系模型强调人格特质、人际行为和嫉妒互动双方感知之间的动态相互作用。该模型声称，如果不分析两个人的观点，就永远无法完全理解嫉妒的经历及其社会结果：嫉妒的社会情感不仅是一个人所经历的，而且是直接针对并被互动伙伴所接受的。该模型提出，在特定情况下，互动双方的性格特征会特别影响嫉妒的体验——这一事实在之前的研究中基本上被忽视了。考虑到这种联系背后的机制，该模型表明，人格通过对情境的评估或可观察到的行为对经验产生影响。关于嫉妒的社会后果，该模型还关注互动双方的人际反应，并通过（可观察的）情感表达来解释这些反应。此外，该模型强调，所提出的效应并不以同样的方式适用于所有人，而是受到情绪调节策略和遵守社会规范倾向的个体差异的调节。本研究的目的是通过调查社会交往中嫉妒的人际前因和后果来检验嫉妒的人际模型，重点关注有助于促进对嫉妒人际现象的理解的中介因素和调节因素。目前的项目提案扩展了之前的研究如下：1)在现实社会互动中采用二元设计；2)调查嫉妒中互动双方的人格特质、人际行为和人际感知之间的动态相互作用；3)通过基于视频的行为观察评估人际行为和情感表达；4)使用适当的数据分析策略（即行动者-伴侣-相互依赖模型分析）；5)将研究结果整合到过程模型中。

Envy is a social emotion, as it arises from a negative upward comparison with another person. Previous research has focused on interpersonal responses of the person who experiences envy. Consequently, interpersonal perceptions or behaviors of both interaction partners are largely unknown. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research that has investigated the relation between personality traits of both interaction partners and the experience of envy. Extending previous research on envy, an Interpersonal Model of Envy is proposed. The Interpersonal Model of Envy stresses the dynamic interplay between personality traits, interpersonal behavior and perceptions of both interaction partners in envy. The model claims that experiences of envy and its social outcomes can never be fully understood without analyzing the perspectives of both individuals: the social emotion of envy is not just experienced by a person, but also directed at and received by the interaction partner. The model proposes that personality traits of both interaction partners specifically influence the experience of envy in specific situations - a fact that has been largely ignored in previous research. Considering the mechanisms underlying this link, the model suggests that personality has an effect on experience through the appraisal of the situation or through observable behaviors. With respect to the social consequences of envy, the model also focuses on interpersonal reactions of both interaction partners and explains them by the (observable) expression of the emotion. Additionally, the model emphasizes that the proposed effects do not apply to all people in the same way, but are moderated by individual differences in emotion regulation strategies and in tendencies to comply with social norms. The objective of the current project is to test the Interpersonal Model of Envy by investigating interpersonal antecedents and consequences of envy in social interactions, focusing on mediating factors and moderators that can help to advance understanding of the interpersonal phenomenon of envy. The current project proposal extends previous research as follows: It 1) uses a dyadic design in real social interactions, 2) investigates the dynamic interplay between personality traits, interpersonal behavior and interpersonal perceptions of both interaction partners in envy, 3) assesses interpersonal behavior and emotion expression by using video-based behavioral observation, 4) uses an appropriate strategy of data analysis (i.e., actor-partner-interdependence-model analyses), and 5) integrates findings in a process model.