Sexual Dynamis and Dynamics of Magical Practice in Graeco-Roman Egypt: Erotic Spells in the Greek and Demotic Magical Papyri (PGM and PDM) and their Cultural Traditions

该项目旨在分析希腊和民间魔法纸莎草集(PGM和PDM)的性咒语，其中包括咒语手册和主要来自罗马埃及的实际执行的仪式(“应用魔法”)的遗骸。这些纸莎草纸往往是双语的，其内容反映了不同宗教传统(埃及、希腊以及例如犹太和美索不达米亚)之间的强烈文化互动。此外，这些手册不是原创作品，而是对早期材料进行长期收集和重新加工的产物，这可能发生在埃及祭司的环境中。我们的目标是阐明在格雷科-埃及魔法中文化多元和融合的社会宗教动态。为此，我们将从跨文化的角度对与性爱魔法相关的所有不同的魔法技术进行彻底的调查。每种技巧都将根据其在纸莎草纸中的组织、结构、措辞、背诵和仪式元素进行分析。特别是，我们将试图追溯潜在的魔法宗教传统，并重建超越单一纸莎草纸或单一手稿和语言(希腊语或德语)特殊性的可能传播模式。事实上，魔法手册的编曲历史使我们能够搜索早期或当代希腊和埃及(或其他例如犹太)材料的可能来源或相似之处(文本、仪式和概念)，以便找出它们的组成部分来自希腊、埃及、犹太人或混合文化背景。此外，这项研究将包括几个尚未出版的托勒密和更早的时期的民众性爱咒语，这将为我们理解这一流派在埃及的年表提供新的基础。我们将通过分析使用的性爱咒语以及现存的带有咒语文本或与咒语文本相关的物品的考古证据来补充我们对手册的研究。在第二阶段，结果将与希腊和埃及的文学和纪录片来源进行比较，以研究性爱魔法流派可能发展的背景。最终目的是调查每一种仪式背后的文化互动(如果有的话)，以及最终结果--不同因素的混合--如何在其自身的历史背景下发挥作用：罗马埃及。这个项目还将补充我们之前对占卜魔法的研究，从而有助于创建一项关于格雷科-埃及魔法的详尽的跨文化研究，这仍然是一个主要的愿望。

This project aims at analysing the erotic spells of the corpus of the Greek and Demotic magical papyri (PGM and PDM) which includes both handbooks of spells and remains of actually performed rituals ("applied magic") mainly from Roman Egypt. These papyri are often bilingual and their contents reflect an intense cultural interaction between different religious traditions (Egyptian, Greek as well as e.g. Jewish and Mesopotamian). Moreover, the handbooks are not original compositions but the product of a long process of collection and reworking of earlier material, which probably took place within an Egyptian priestly milieu. Our objective is to shed light on the socio-religious dynamics of cultural plurality and fusion in Graeco-Egyptian magic. For that purpose we will conduct a thorough investigation of all the different magical techniques connected with erotic magic from a transcultural perspective. Each technique will be analysed according to its organization within the papyri, structure, phrasing, recitations and ritual elements. In particular, we will try to trace back underlying magico-religious traditions and to reconstruct possible patterns of transmission that lie beyond the specificity either of a single papyrus or of a single script and language (Greek or Demotic). In fact, the compositional history of the magical handbooks allows us to search for possible sources or parallels (textual, ritual, and conceptual) in earlier or contemporary Greek and Egyptian (or other e.g. Jewish) material in order to find out whether their constituents originated in a Greek, Egyptian, Jewish or mixed cultural background. Moreover, this study will include several as yet unpublished Demotic erotic spells of Ptolemaic and even earlier date that will provide us with a new foundation for the understanding of the genre's chronology in Egypt. We will complement our studies on the handbooks with the analysis of the applied erotic spells as well as of the extant archaeological evidence for objects bearing, or associated with, the texts of the spells. At a second stage, the results will be compared with Greek and Egyptian literary and documentary sources in order to research the contexts in which the genre of erotic magic may have developed. The final aim is to investigate which kind of cultural interactions (if any) underlie the rituals in each case, and how the final result, the mixture of different ingredients, functions within its own historical context: Roman Egypt. This project will also complement our previous research on divinatory magic and thus contribute to the creation of an exhaustive transcultural study on Graeco-Egyptian magic, still a major desideratum.