Sexual Dynamis and Dynamics of Magical Practice in Graeco-Roman Egypt: Erotic Spells in the Greek and Demotic Magical Papyri (PGM and PDM) and their Cultural Traditions

该项目旨在分析希腊和通俗的魔法纸莎草（PGM和PDM）的语料库中的色情咒语，其中包括咒语手册和主要来自罗马埃及的实际执行仪式（“应用魔法”）的遗迹。这些纸莎草纸通常是双语的，其内容反映了不同宗教传统（埃及，希腊以及犹太和美索不达米亚）之间的强烈文化互动。此外，这些手册并非原创作品，而是对早期材料进行长期收集和再加工的产物，这可能发生在埃及的原始环境中。我们的目标是阐明希腊-埃及魔法中文化多元性和融合的社会宗教动态。为此，我们将从跨文化的角度对所有与色情魔法有关的不同魔法技术进行彻底的调查。每一种技术将根据其在纸莎草纸，结构，措辞，背诵和仪式元素的组织进行分析。特别是，我们将试图追溯潜在的巫术宗教传统，并重建可能的传播模式，这些模式超越了单一纸莎草纸或单一文字和语言（希腊语或通俗语）的特殊性。事实上，魔法手册的组成历史使我们能够在早期或当代的希腊和埃及（或其他例如犹太人）材料中寻找可能的来源或相似之处（文本，仪式和概念），以找出它们的成分是否起源于希腊，埃及，犹太或混合文化背景。此外，这项研究将包括几个尚未出版的托勒密甚至更早的日期，将为我们提供一个新的基础，为体裁的年表在埃及的理解通俗色情咒语。我们将补充我们对手册的研究，分析所应用的色情咒语以及现存的考古证据，这些证据表明，或与咒语文本有关。在第二阶段，研究结果将与希腊和埃及的文学和文献资料进行比较，以研究色情魔法类型可能发展的背景。最后的目的是调查哪种文化互动（如果有的话）在每种情况下的仪式，以及如何最终的结果，不同成分的混合物，在自己的历史背景下的功能：罗马埃及。这个项目也将补充我们以前对占卜魔法的研究，从而有助于对希腊-埃及魔法进行详尽的跨文化研究，这仍然是一个主要的迫切需要。

This project aims at analysing the erotic spells of the corpus of the Greek and Demotic magical papyri (PGM and PDM) which includes both handbooks of spells and remains of actually performed rituals ("applied magic") mainly from Roman Egypt. These papyri are often bilingual and their contents reflect an intense cultural interaction between different religious traditions (Egyptian, Greek as well as e.g. Jewish and Mesopotamian). Moreover, the handbooks are not original compositions but the product of a long process of collection and reworking of earlier material, which probably took place within an Egyptian priestly milieu. Our objective is to shed light on the socio-religious dynamics of cultural plurality and fusion in Graeco-Egyptian magic. For that purpose we will conduct a thorough investigation of all the different magical techniques connected with erotic magic from a transcultural perspective. Each technique will be analysed according to its organization within the papyri, structure, phrasing, recitations and ritual elements. In particular, we will try to trace back underlying magico-religious traditions and to reconstruct possible patterns of transmission that lie beyond the specificity either of a single papyrus or of a single script and language (Greek or Demotic). In fact, the compositional history of the magical handbooks allows us to search for possible sources or parallels (textual, ritual, and conceptual) in earlier or contemporary Greek and Egyptian (or other e.g. Jewish) material in order to find out whether their constituents originated in a Greek, Egyptian, Jewish or mixed cultural background. Moreover, this study will include several as yet unpublished Demotic erotic spells of Ptolemaic and even earlier date that will provide us with a new foundation for the understanding of the genre's chronology in Egypt. We will complement our studies on the handbooks with the analysis of the applied erotic spells as well as of the extant archaeological evidence for objects bearing, or associated with, the texts of the spells. At a second stage, the results will be compared with Greek and Egyptian literary and documentary sources in order to research the contexts in which the genre of erotic magic may have developed. The final aim is to investigate which kind of cultural interactions (if any) underlie the rituals in each case, and how the final result, the mixture of different ingredients, functions within its own historical context: Roman Egypt. This project will also complement our previous research on divinatory magic and thus contribute to the creation of an exhaustive transcultural study on Graeco-Egyptian magic, still a major desideratum.