Russeting in Apple: Molecular Basis, Mechanism and Consequences

苹果的黄化：分子基础、机制和后果

• 批准号: 386934299
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Thomas Debener
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Pflanzengenetik
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/386934299?language=en
• 关键词: Russeting; Apple; Molecular; Basis; Mechanism

Russeting is an important disorder of fruit surfaces of many fruit crops including apple. Russeting is the formation of a periderm. Microscopic cracks (microcracks) in the primary fruit skin are considered the first visible sign of russeting. However, not all microcracks result in russeting. Microcracks somehow trigger formation of a periderm, but the nature of this trigger is unknown. The objectives of our proposal are to (1)provide a detailed account of the anatomical and biophysical changes occurring during russet formation and to identify their consequences for the barrier properties of the fruit surface and (2) identify the initial trigger and sequence of events on a molecular level that result in russeting. We will use a combination of anatomical, biophysical and molecular approaches. We focus on skin anatomy, microcracking of the cuticle, its relationships with peg formation and factors potentially causing stress concentration. The anatomical data serve as a developmental time scale to which physical and molecular changes during russeting will be related. The biophysical properties of the russeting skin composite include its permeability to water and gas and its rheological properties. Finally, molecular studies will identify the initial and primary trigger(s) that precede(s) and induce(s) periderm formation. We focus on moisture induction of russeting using split fruit treatment because (1) under orchard conditions this is the most frequent cause of russeting and (2) the split fruit system allows to directly compare russeting and non-russeting surfaces on the same fruit. In addition, other modes of induction (PGRs, mechanical wounding), or naturally occurring russeting (russeting vs. non-russeting sports and cultivars) will be considered. They serve as a control to distinguish primary signals/ events (strain, turgor etc.) from secondary signals/events (downregulation of cutin synthesis, upregulation of suberin synthesis, etc.). The data generated will help to identify the mechanistic basis of russeting. A better understanding of its causes is a prerequisite to develop avoidance strategies to minimize the risk for such defects.

赤果病是包括苹果在内的许多果树果实表面的一种重要病害。Russeting是一个peridentum的形成。初生果皮中的显微裂纹（微裂纹）被认为是锈色的第一个可见迹象。然而，并不是所有的微裂纹都会导致锈色。微裂纹以某种方式触发了周壁的形成，但这种触发的性质尚不清楚。我们的建议的目标是（1）提供一个详细的帐户赤霉病形成过程中发生的解剖和生物物理变化，并确定其后果的水果表面的屏障性能和（2）确定初始触发和序列的事件在分子水平上，导致赤霉病。我们将结合使用解剖学、生物物理学和分子方法。我们专注于皮肤解剖，角质层的微裂纹，其与钉形成的关系和潜在的因素造成应力集中。解剖学数据作为一个发展的时间尺度，在russeting过程中的物理和分子变化将相关。russeting皮肤复合材料的生物物理性质包括其对水和气体的渗透性及其流变性质。最后，分子研究将确定周皮形成之前和诱导周皮形成的初始和主要触发因素。我们专注于水分诱导的锈色使用分割水果处理，因为（1）在果园条件下，这是最常见的原因锈色和（2）分割水果系统允许直接比较锈色和非锈色表面上相同的水果。此外，将考虑其他诱导模式（PGR，机械创伤）或天然发生的赤霉病（赤霉病与非赤霉病运动和品种）。它们用作区分主要信号/事件（应变、膨压等）的对照。来自次级信号/事件（角质合成的下调、木栓质合成的上调等）。所产生的数据将有助于确定赤褐色化的机理基础。更好地了解其原因是制定避免策略以最大限度地降低此类缺陷风险的先决条件。