Identification of noncoding RNAs that regulate macrophage dynamics in chronic inflammation

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Macrophages are the key effector cells in chronic inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease. They alter their phenotypes and functions during the processes. This study aimed to identify the noncoding RNAs that control dynamic changes in macrophage functions. We identified more than 1,000 novel long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs0 expressed in macrophages. We also found that some of them bind to the PU.1 transcriptional regulatory complexes. Among them two lncRNAs are induced by LPS in cultured macrophages. They are also induced by tissue injury in macrophages in in vivo settings. Knocking down the lncRNAs altered the response of macrophages to LPS, suggesting they control macrophage functions.