Rule-Keepers for the World? A Cultural History of the Referee, c. 1860-1980

世界规则的守护者？

• 批准号: 398092386
• 负责人: Dr. Kristoffer Klammer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/398092386?language=en
• 关键词: Rule; Keepers; World; Cultural; History

The project aims at investigating the referee as a crucial institution in the context of modern sports and, more generally, in modern societies. It is based on the observation that referees function as indispensable brokers at the nexus of regulations, athletes, audience, and associations. At the same time, they ensure the establishment of and compliance with regional, national, and international standards of comparability. The referee can thus be regarded as an essential factor in the emergence and stabilisation of the transnational ‘comparative context of world sports’. Despite the fundamental role of the referee, whose metaphorical impact far exceeds the realm of sports, the history of this figure has yet to be examined from a longitudinal perspective. The present project aims at filling this lacuna. It uses the examples of two specifically selected types of sport, football and tennis—both of which share similar histories of institutionalisation, but display marked differences in regard to the role of referees—to examine the duties, actions, and reputation of referees from the Victorian period to the world sports of the second half of the twentieth century. The analysis will yield insights into two basic social processes which coincide in the emergence of the referee: on the one hand, the history of how authority was attained (i.e. through institutionalisation and professionalisation), stabilised (for instance, through systematic training and scientification), and put at risk (by violent behaviour, referee misconduct, and scandals); and on the other hand, the history of international convergence and standardisation. This project thus combines research interests in the field of the history of modern societies with questions originating from the history of internationalisation and sports history. In order to address these issues, the corpus of source materials will include documents of British sports associations and international governing bodies (FIFA and I[L]TF) as well as print media, training materials/textbooks and (partly autobiographical) reflections of referees themselves.

该项目的目的是调查裁判员作为一个关键机构的背景下，现代体育，更普遍地说，在现代社会。它是基于这样的观察，即裁判员在规则，运动员，观众和协会的关系中发挥着不可或缺的经纪人的作用。与此同时，他们确保建立并遵守区域、国家和国际可比性标准。因此，裁判员可以被视为跨国“世界体育比较环境”的出现和稳定的重要因素。尽管裁判的基本作用，其隐喻的影响远远超出了体育领域，但这个数字的历史还没有从纵向的角度进行审查。本项目旨在填补这一空白。它使用的例子，两个特别选择类型的运动，足球和网球，这两个共享类似的历史制度化，但显示显着差异方面的作用，裁判检查的职责，行动和声誉的裁判从维多利亚时期的世界体育的后半个世纪。分析将产生对两个基本的社会过程的见解，这两个过程在裁判的出现中是一致的：一方面，权威是如何获得的历史（即通过制度化和专业化），（例如，通过系统的培训和科学化），（通过暴力行为，裁判不当行为和丑闻）;另一方面，国际趋同和标准化的历史。因此，该项目将现代社会史领域的研究兴趣与国际化史和体育史的问题相结合。为了解决这些问题，源材料的语料库将包括英国体育协会和国际管理机构（FIFA和I[L]TF）的文件，以及印刷媒体，培训材料/教科书和（部分自传）裁判自己的反思。