Molecular communication between myogenic stem cells and activatedmacrophages during muscle growth and regeneration

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A variety of experimental approaches have revealed that acute muscle damage induces massive macrophage infiltration of the injury site, in which two polarized phenotypes, classically activated macrophages (also called proinflammatory phagocytotic macrophages, currently classified as M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (antiinflammatory macrophages or M2), have been well documented as distinct functional populations. The present study provided additional evidence that M2 macrophages may contribute to regenerative myogenesis by promoting myoblast migration (chemoattraction in a bell-shaped HGF-dose dependent manner) and differentiation (characterized by up-regulation of myogenin and myosin heavy chain expression), predominantly at 5-7 days after cardiotoxin/crush injury of mouse muscle. By understanding this spatiotemporal communication between M2s and myoblasts, we will be able to design new procedures that specifically target the regenerative strategy to ensure muscle growth and repair, contributing to the meat-animal production and human sports and health sciences aimed to enhance physical performance and medical therapies for age-related muscle atrophy.