Translation terroirs – East Asian and European maps between Language, Ritual and Space

该项目的核心是对16-19世纪全球化世界的地图资料进行分析。从16世纪末开始出现了根据欧洲地图投影绘制的带有亚洲语言铭文（特别是中文）的地图。利玛窦（1552-1610）在亚伯拉罕·奥特利乌斯（1527-1598）的《Typus Orbis Terrarum》（1564）的椭圆形投影基础上绘制的世界地图是此类地图中最早也是最著名的例子，幸存的副本可以追溯到1602年和1603年。这些地图通常被认为是“中国的”，因为它们有传说、地名和合并的文本段落，但它们实际上是对西方原型的意义赋予和象征价值的改编翻译。这同样适用于“日语”和“韩语”，以及最近发现的满语例子。与此同时，中国地图开始为西方读者翻译，反过来又影响了所谓的“西方”东亚地图的形成，特别是那些在17世纪绘制的地图，例如Martino Martini（1614-1661）的Novus Atlas Sinensis（1655）。随着Michele Ruggieri（1543-1607）的地图集手稿（Lo Sardo 1993）的出版，各种各样的例子说明了“翻译”中国地图的过程。随着耶稣会在中国活动的扩大，西方的测绘和制图方法被直接应用于绘制中国地图，这些地图仍然需要翻译。18世纪早期的康熙地图集（1661-1722）是这一应用的成果（Cams 2013），而这些地图集又成为让·巴蒂斯特·布吉尼翁·安维尔（1697-1782）绘制东亚地图的基础。长期以来，研究一直将地图信息的交换视为一种转移或单方面知识交换的形式（from/to），然而，很少有研究对对象“地图”如何在翻译文化中发挥作用（Burke 2007）。在提议的项目中，我们使用“风土”的概念来强调地图的角色，一方面是地方“味道”之间的中介，另一方面是它们作为全球对象的功能。我们研究了从18世纪末到19世纪在欧洲流传的罕见的“中国”地图项目。这些地图是重新发现的（Batchelor 2015），尚未被科学历史学家、翻译研究和制图学研究过。目的是探究“中国”地图背后的概念，调查它们在将外国地图“翻译”到欧洲的过程中所扮演的角色。翻译在这里被理解为语言、仪式和空间内容的抽象意义和具体意义之间的相互作用过程。

At the core of this project stands the analysis of cartographic materials of a 16-19 c globalizing world. Maps with Asian language inscriptions (in particular Chinese), drawn according to the European cartographic projections, appear from the end of the 16th century onwards. World maps by Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) following the oval projection of the Typus Orbis Terrarum (1564) by Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) are the earliest and the most famous examples of such maps, the survived copies dating from 1602 and 1603. The maps are usually referred to as “Chinese” because of the language of legends, place-names and incorporated textual passages, but they are in effect adapted translations of both meaning-giving and symbolic values from Western prototypes. The same applies to the “Japanese” and “Korean” as well as recently discovered Manchu language examples. Simultaneously, Chinese maps started to be translated for the Western audience and, in their turn, influenced shaping the so-called “Western” maps of East Asia, especially those composed during the 17th century, e.g. the Novus Atlas Sinensis (1655) by Martino Martini (1614-1661). Various examples illustrating the very process of ‘translating’ Chinese maps became available for observation with the publication of Michele Ruggieri’s (1543-1607) manuscript atlas (Lo Sardo 1993). With the expansion of Jesuit’s activity in China, the Western methods of cartographic survey and mapmaking became applied for drawing Chinese maps directly, what still required a translation. The Kangxi (1661-1722) atlases of the early 18th century being the results of this application (Cams 2013), in their turn, became the basis for drawing maps of East Asia by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (1697-1782). Research has long seen the exchanges of cartographical information as a form of transfer or unilateral knowledge exchange (from/to), however, little research has been done on how the object ‘map’ has been functioning within translation culture (Burke 2007). In the proposed project we use the notion of ‘terroir’ to highlight the role of maps as brokers between the “taste” of places on the one hand and, on the other hand, their function as global objects. We study a fine selection of rare ‘Chinese’ cartographical items circulating in Europe from the late 18th – 19th centuries. These maps are rediscoveries (Batchelor 2015) which have not yet been studied by historians of science, translation studies and cartography. The aim is to look behind the idea of ‘Chinese’ maps, investigating their role in the ‘translation’ of the foreign into Europe. Translation is here understood as a reciprocal process of brokering abstract and concrete meanings of linguistic, ritual and spatial contents.