Rebalancing the Enlarged Single Market

随着不同回合的东扩，欧盟内部的社会经济异质性显著增加。较富裕的成员国担心低工资劳动力可能会破坏其较高的社会标准，这一担忧得到了广泛实施的劳动力自由流动过渡期的回应。但是，基于提供服务的自由的外派工人仍然导致了社会倾销的做法。而在英国，由于没有选择劳动力自由流动的过渡期，对欧盟内部移民的批评是决定脱离欧盟的核心原因。因此，欧盟劳动力移民的不平衡已经成为欧盟的一个非常突出的政治问题。法国总统马克龙为打击“社会倾销”而推动的“外派工人指令”改革，以及欧盟委员会推动的“欧盟社会支柱”，都证明了这一点。在本项目中，我们通过分析不同形式的非典型劳动力迁移（边际雇佣合同、个体自雇和外派工作），来分析扩大的单一市场中的再平衡。该项目以德国、法国、奥地利3个老成员国和波兰、斯洛文尼亚2个新成员国为对象，分析了能够建立何种新的社会妥协以及其面临的挑战。在此过程中，该项目强调了欧洲法院（ECJ）在解释欧盟条约时所确立的判例法的重要性，这一点与欧洲一体化研究的许多研究不同。法院一直在欧洲一体化中发挥着至关重要的作用，欧洲一体化是“通过法律实现一体化”。然而，随着欧洲议会权限的增加，许多研究忽视了法院的重要性。重点放在欧洲和成员国的水平，我们分析了政府的三个分支内部和之间的水平的相互作用。在司法上挑战社会再平衡的政治妥协有多容易？成员国在保护社会标准方面有哪些不同的偏好？不同的成员国行政当局通过非典型工作控制社会倾销的熟练程度如何？不同的经济行为者如何在社会保障和欧盟的经济自由之间定位自己？通过关注欧盟立法旁边的行政和司法反应，该项目分析了欧盟非典型就业，个体自营职业和张贴工作的规则破坏了成员国现有的社会妥协，以及欧洲或国家规则如何为此提供补偿。不同形式的非典型工作和不同成员国之间的比较有望为扩大后的单一市场的成功再平衡提供重要的指导方针。

Rebalancing the Enlarged Single MarketWith different rounds of Eastern enlargement, the socio-economic heterogeneity within the European Union increased significantly. Related fears in the richer member states that low wage labour could undermine their higher social standards were answered with widely implemented transition periods for the free movement of labour. But posted workers, based on the freedom to provide services, nevertheless led to practices of social dumping. And in the UK, which had not opted for transition periods for the free movement of labour, the criticism of inner-EU migration was central for the decision to leave the EU.Imbalances from EU labour migration have thus become a very salient political issue for the EU. The move of French President Macron to push for a reform of the posted workers directive in order to combat “social dumping” and the European Commission’s push for an “EU social pillar” attest to it. In this project we analyze this Rebalancing in the enlarged single market by analyzing different forms of atypical labour migration: marginal employment contracts, solo self-employment and posted work. Focusing on three old member states, Germany, France and Austria, and two new member states, Poland and Slovenia, the project analyzes which kind of new social compromise can be established and where its challenges lie.In doing so, the project distinguishes itself from much of European integration research by emphasizing the importance of case law, established by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in interpreting the EU Treaties. The Court has always played a crucial role for European integration, which has been ‘integration through law’. Yet, with the rising competences of the European Parliament, much research has neglected the importance of the Court. With a focus on the European and the member-state levels, we analyze the interactions of the three branches of government within and between levels. How easily can political compromises on social rebalancing be challenged judicially? Which different preferences do member states have with view to the protection of social standards? How well versed are different member-state administrations to control social dumping through atypical work, and how do different economic actors position themselves in between social protection and the EU’s economic freedoms?By focusing on administrative and judicial responses next to EU legislation, the project analyzes where EU rules for atypical employment, solo self-employment and posted work undermine existing social compromises in member states, and how European or national rules can provide compensation for this. The comparison among different forms of atypical work and different member states promises to provide important guidelines for the successful rebalancing of the enlarged single market.