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The Roman Imperial Period (31 B.C. - 284 A.D.) and the Role of the Emperors: Need for Acceptance, Patterns of Communication and Governmental Practice (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaften)

罗马帝国时期（公元前 31 年 - 公元 284 年）和皇帝的角色：接受的需要、沟通的模式和政府实践（古典研究手册）

基本信息

批准号：
423860684
负责人：
Professor Dr. Hartwin Brandt
金额：
--
依托单位：
Lehrstuhl für Alte Geschichte
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2018-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/423860684?language=en
关键词：
Roman Imperial Period 31 B.C.

项目摘要

The Roman imperial period and the function of the Roman emperors can be described adequately only if concentrating on two main aspects: the need for acceptance and the patterns of communication. On the one hand it was impossible to rule the whole empire effectively by intentional management, on the other hand the emperor was what the emperor did. But he also was, what he wanted to be and how he wanted to be seen – what means, that archaeological monuments, coins and inscriptions have to be taken and interpreted as integral elements of empire-wide communication. This communication was the main task of an emperor – not only an “aristocratic communication” between emperor and senatorial elite, but an empire-wide communication. These activities were not only meant to solve practical problems, in fact they should cope with a crucial prerequisite of the imperial role: the creation of acceptance. The Roman principate was not a “system of acceptance”, but a ‘system of need for acceptance’, that means the leading protagonists in the fragile system called ‘principate’ permanently had to make the case for acceptance, in order to consolidate their position and the conditions on which this position was based (or only in order to keep alive). Every ruler who did ignore that (as C. Iulius Caesar) lost his positition and his life; but who successfully created acceptance could keep his position and have a natural death (as Augustus, the first “princeps”). Communication partners of the emperor and his close cooperators were not only senators but the whole, empire-wide élites, members of the court, soldiers and common people (not only in “urbs Roma”) – non-homogenous groups with particular interests. They all formulated and articulated their specific expectations and needs, and likewise they received and reacted on imperial intentions and messages. Under these determinants individual emperors were able to develop an individual profile and to create an individual imperial “imago” – only in this respect intentional activities were effective and necessary. Consequently, the imperial need for acceptance and the permanent pressure to communicate are basic categories of a new overall view of the Roman imperial period. It is necessary to analyze the attempts of the emperors and their intimates to create acceptance, but also to realize the contingency of their impact. This contingency became obvious all day when imperial activities turned out to be successful, inefficacious or only tentative. Aspects of this contingency are, for example, the following ones: military campaigns, rebellions, usurpations, invasions, family dramas or misfortunes. Hence, narratives of such events will also be part of the book, but only to a limited extent.

只有关注两个主要方面：接受的需要和沟通的模式，才能充分描述罗马帝国时期和罗马皇帝的职能。一方面靠有意的管理不可能有效地统治整个帝国，另一方面皇帝就是皇帝所做的。但他也是，他想成为什么样的人，他想被如何看待——这意味着，考古纪念碑、硬币和铭文必须被视为和解释为整个帝国传播的不可或缺的元素。这种沟通是皇帝的主要任务——不仅是皇帝与元老精英之间的“贵族沟通”，而且是整个帝国范围内的沟通。这些活动不仅是为了解决实际问题，事实上它们还应该应对帝国角色的一个关键先决条件：创造接受。罗马元首制不是一个“接受体系”，而是一个“需要接受的体系”，这意味着这个被称为“元首制”的脆弱体系中的主要参与者必须永久地提出接受的理由，以巩固他们的地位和这一地位所依据的条件（或者只是为了保持活力）。每一位忽视这一点的统治者（如凯撒大帝）都将失去自己的地位和生命。但成功创造接受的人可以保住自己的地位并自然死亡（如奥古斯都，第一个“元首”）。皇帝及其亲密合作者的沟通伙伴不仅是参议员，而且是整个帝国范围内的精英、宫廷成员、士兵和普通民众（不仅是“罗马城市”）——具有特殊利益的非同质群体。他们都制定并阐明了自己的具体期望和需求，同样，他们也接受了帝国的意图和信息并做出反应。在这些决定因素的作用下，个别皇帝能够发展个人形象并创造个人的帝国“形象”——只有在这方面，有意识的活动才是有效和必要的。因此，帝国对接受的需要和永久的交流压力是罗马帝国时期新的整体观点的基本范畴。有必要分析皇帝及其亲信试图创造接受度的尝试，但也有必要认识到其影响的偶然性。当帝国的活动被证明是成功的、无效的或只是尝试性的时，这种偶然性整天就变得显而易见。例如，这种意外事件有以下几个方面：军事行动、叛乱、篡夺、入侵、家庭闹剧或不幸。因此，对此类事件的叙述也将成为本书的一部分，但程度有限。