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The Roman Imperial Period (31 B.C. - 284 A.D.) and the Role of the Emperors: Need for Acceptance, Patterns of Communication and Governmental Practice (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaften)

罗马帝国时期（公元前 31 年 - 公元 284 年）和皇帝的角色：接受的需要、沟通的模式和政府实践（古典研究手册）

基本信息

批准号：
423860684
负责人：
Professor Dr. Hartwin Brandt
金额：
--
依托单位：
Lehrstuhl für Alte Geschichte
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2018-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/423860684?language=en
关键词：
Roman Imperial Period 31 B.C.

项目摘要

The Roman imperial period and the function of the Roman emperors can be described adequately only if concentrating on two main aspects: the need for acceptance and the patterns of communication. On the one hand it was impossible to rule the whole empire effectively by intentional management, on the other hand the emperor was what the emperor did. But he also was, what he wanted to be and how he wanted to be seen – what means, that archaeological monuments, coins and inscriptions have to be taken and interpreted as integral elements of empire-wide communication. This communication was the main task of an emperor – not only an “aristocratic communication” between emperor and senatorial elite, but an empire-wide communication. These activities were not only meant to solve practical problems, in fact they should cope with a crucial prerequisite of the imperial role: the creation of acceptance. The Roman principate was not a “system of acceptance”, but a ‘system of need for acceptance’, that means the leading protagonists in the fragile system called ‘principate’ permanently had to make the case for acceptance, in order to consolidate their position and the conditions on which this position was based (or only in order to keep alive). Every ruler who did ignore that (as C. Iulius Caesar) lost his positition and his life; but who successfully created acceptance could keep his position and have a natural death (as Augustus, the first “princeps”). Communication partners of the emperor and his close cooperators were not only senators but the whole, empire-wide élites, members of the court, soldiers and common people (not only in “urbs Roma”) – non-homogenous groups with particular interests. They all formulated and articulated their specific expectations and needs, and likewise they received and reacted on imperial intentions and messages. Under these determinants individual emperors were able to develop an individual profile and to create an individual imperial “imago” – only in this respect intentional activities were effective and necessary. Consequently, the imperial need for acceptance and the permanent pressure to communicate are basic categories of a new overall view of the Roman imperial period. It is necessary to analyze the attempts of the emperors and their intimates to create acceptance, but also to realize the contingency of their impact. This contingency became obvious all day when imperial activities turned out to be successful, inefficacious or only tentative. Aspects of this contingency are, for example, the following ones: military campaigns, rebellions, usurpations, invasions, family dramas or misfortunes. Hence, narratives of such events will also be part of the book, but only to a limited extent.

罗马帝国时期和罗马皇帝的作用只有集中在两个主要方面才能得到充分的描述：接受的需要和交流的模式。一方面，通过有意识的管理不可能有效地统治整个帝国，另一方面，皇帝就是皇帝所做的。但他也是，他想成为什么样的人，他想被如何看待-这意味着，考古纪念碑，硬币和铭文必须被视为和解释为帝国范围内交流的组成部分。这种沟通是皇帝的主要任务--不仅是皇帝和元老院精英之间的“贵族沟通”，而且是整个帝国的沟通。这些活动不仅是为了解决实际问题，事实上，它们还应该科普帝国角色的一个关键先决条件：创造接受。罗马的元首制不是一个“接受的系统”，而是一个“需要接受的系统”，这意味着在这个脆弱的系统中，被称为“元首制”的主要人物必须永久地为接受辩护，以巩固他们的地位和这种地位所基于的条件（或者只是为了保持活力）。每个统治者都忽视了这一点（如C。凯撒）失去了他的地位和他的生命;但谁成功地创造了接受可以保持他的地位，并有一个自然死亡（奥古斯都，第一个“princeps”）。皇帝和他的亲密合作者的交流伙伴不仅是参议员，而且是整个帝国的精英、宫廷成员、士兵和普通人（不仅仅是“城市罗姆人”）--具有特殊利益的非同质群体。他们都明确表达了自己的具体期望和需求，同样，他们也接受了帝国的意图和信息，并对此做出了反应。在这些决定性因素的作用下，各个皇帝能够形成一种个人的形象，并创造出一种个人的帝国“意象”--只有在这方面，有意识的活动才是有效的和必要的。因此，帝国需要接受和永久的交流压力是罗马帝国时期新的整体观点的基本范畴。有必要分析皇帝及其亲信为创造接受度所做的努力，但也要认识到他们影响的偶然性。当帝国的活动被证明是成功的、无效的或只是试探性的时，这种偶然性就变得显而易见了。例如，这种偶然性的各个方面是：军事行动、叛乱、篡位、入侵、家庭戏剧或不幸。因此，对这些事件的叙述也将是本书的一部分，但只是在有限的范围内。